城乡差距和城乡统筹发展的优先次序

我国存在的城乡差距,有城乡收入差距,有城乡经济社会发展水平的差距,也有城乡居民生活条件的差距。从长远看,所有这些差距都应该缩小。但在现阶段最为迫切也是能够解决的是城乡居民生活条件的差距。从改善农村生活条件人手缩小城乡差距需要政府发挥作用。城乡居民生活条件趋向均等的基本条件是,基本公共服务在经济发展水平不同的城乡均等化。为此需要改变长期依据各地的GDP反映的经济发展水平来决定各地的生活条件的思路和相关政策。不论城乡的发展水平有多大差别,但基本公共品供给还是均等的。面对我国农村村庄分布广而分散的特点,需要在乡村集中化、城镇城市化和都市圈建设三个方面扩大以城带乡、扩大公共产品在农村覆盖面的范围经济。     

缩小我国城乡差距的根本途径

城乡经济运行理论认为：居民不论是居于城市还是农村,其经济收益应该是相等的。但实际上我国城乡差距悬殊,缩小城乡差距的现有措施成效不佳,且城乡差距仍在扩大。通过对现有的缩小城乡差距的理论进行反思,发现导致城乡差距的主要原因是城乡政策不同,城乡劳动力不能自由流动,解决城乡差距的根本途径是统筹城乡政策和保障生产要素自由流动。     

我国农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响

大多数研究表明,中国整体金融发展显著扩大了城乡收入差距,但它们均未从农村金融发展的视角对城乡收入差距进行研究.本文从农村自身经济金融发展层面出发运用1978-2004年的相关数据,分析了农村金融发展与城乡收入差距之间的关系,结果显示:农村金融发展扩大了城乡收入差距,究其原因主要是农村资金的不断外流和非正规金融的不规范发展,加剧了城乡收入差距的扩大.现实的出路是遏制农村资金外流,提供更多的农村正规金融资源;规范非正规金融发展.     

体制转轨时期城乡发展差距扩大原因探析

体制转轨时期中国城乡发展差距扩大是不争的事实,主要表现为:城乡居民收入差距逐年扩大,城乡居民的实际消费差距在扩大,城乡之间公共产品供应差距在扩大,城乡市场体系建设与发展差距在扩大。之所以如此是由多种原因引起的,包括:传统城乡分割体制与传统二元经济结构的影响,传统剪刀差以及新剪刀差的作用,投融资体制重城轻乡及对农村农业剩余的汲取,城乡对外开放与利用外资的差距,新形势下市场经济对城乡发展差距扩大起了加速作用。     

为什么劳动力流动没有缩小城乡收入差距

劳动力流动是缩小城乡收入差距的一种重要机制。然而,人们在中国的改革过程中,却观察到劳动力流动和城乡收入差距同时扩大的现象。为什么劳动力流动没有缩小城乡收入差距?是因为流动与差距同时扩大、工业发展排斥就业的倾向、农业和农村发展不足、城市劳动力市场歧视等原因造成的。     

中国农村金融发展对城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

基于中国1983～2009年相关数据,本文利用VAR模型分析中国农村金融发展对城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明,中国农村金融发展与城乡收入差距存在一种长期均衡关系,并且中国农村金融发展是城乡收入差距拉大的格兰杰原因。VAR模型和脉冲响应函数分析表明,我国农村金融发展扩大了城乡居民收入差距,其原因在于农村资金外流和非正规金融发展力度不够。缩小城乡收入差距需要从遏制农村资金外流和发展非正规金融这两方面着手,加大农村金融对农村经济发展的支持力度。     

我国城乡差距扩大与城乡协调发展

目前,我国“三农”问题突出,城乡差距持续扩大。解决“三农”问题,缩小城乡差距已成为我国经济社会和谐发展的战略选择,我们应该从统筹城乡经济社会协调发展的新视角,以增强农业农村自身的生存与发展的能力为政策指向,根本上重塑中国的“三农”。一、我国城乡差距状况及其原因分析我国城乡差距的形成有其深刻的历史和体制原因。而且随着市场经济发展“三农”愈来愈严重,城乡差距越来越大。1、农业基础设施薄弱。如农村卫生、教育、农业水利等基础设施较为滞后,难以满足农民生活及生产需求,制约农业增产、农民增收。     

人力资本溢出效应对城乡差距的影响

中国的城乡差距始终是个有待解决的问题,究其原因,人力资本的溢出效应是扩大城乡差距的一个因素。由于城市偏向的制度安排,农村人力资本对城市表现出强烈的外溢性,而城市人力资本主要表现为内溢。要缩小城乡差距,扭转农村人力资本的单向溢出趋势,就必须加大政府对农村的重视和支持。     

城乡差距与统筹城乡发展途径

城乡发展失衡、差距日趋扩大,已经成为当前我国经济生活中存在的突出矛盾之一.统筹城乡发展是我国新阶段经济社会发展的必然要求,对解决“三农“问题、全面建设小康社会具有重要的战略意义.文章分析了城乡差距日趋扩大的现象及原因,分析了统筹城乡发展提出的背景,阐述了统筹城乡发展的内涵和意义,并提出加强体制和制度创新、发展和壮大县域经济、加快城镇化进程、建设社会主义新农村是实现统筹城乡发展的主要途径.     

城市化与城乡收入差距

城乡收入差距扩大是我国目前收入分配领域存在的突出问题。分析城市化对城乡收入差距的影响,由于城市化模式不当,城市化发展会扩大城乡收入差距。缩小城乡收入差距,应改革现有的户籍制度,注重工业和农业的协调发展,并大力促进乡镇企业的发展。     

河南中心城市带动能力评价及提高对策

中心城市是区域经济社会发展的增长极。只有强化中心城市的带动能力,中心城市才能以城带乡,促进城乡协调发展。从城乡统筹的视角,运用主成分分析等定量评价方法,对河南17个区域中心城市的带动能力进行综合性评价,并根据存在的问题,提出中心城市今后的发展对策。提高中心城市带动能力,既要采取多种措施提升中心城市市区的集聚力,又要迅速增强对中心城市市域内经济、社会、环境等各方面发展的辐射力,即走城乡一体化道路,提高整个区域的经济社会实力。     

地区经济差距与人口流动:基于七国大都市区人口分布的比较研究

大都市区是一国人口的吸纳池。我国东部大都市区对人口的吸纳作用小,各大都市区的郊区和所辖县,以及多数大都市区的市区尚有很大的潜力和空间吸纳外来人口。鼓励包括中西部在内的农村剩余劳动力向东部大都市市区及郊区迁移,是一条减少地区和城乡经济差距,实现农村劳动力转移的有效途径。     

信息化对城乡一体化进程的影响及对策

城乡一体化作为我国协调城市和农村两大地域经济和社会系统的重要方式,在未来全球信息化的浪潮中,将会对我国城市化进程产生更加广泛和深刻的影响。文章从城乡地域社会经济、人口流动和居住空间的变化、城乡文化和思想意识的交流以及城乡地域生态系统的可持续发展等角度出发,分析了信息化对我国城乡一体化进程所带来的各方面影响,并就城乡制度政策改革、统一市场体系、基础设施建设、生态环境保护等方面如何利用信息化趋势来促进城乡协调发展提出了相应的对策。     

城市化和城乡一体化

城市化不仅要解决劳动力向城市转移问题,还需要解决城乡一体化问题。城乡一体化是现阶段城市化的重要内容。城乡一体化,并不是城乡均质,其基本含义是通过体制一体化、城镇城市化、产业结构一体化、农业企业化和农民市民化,把城市与乡村建设成一个相互依存、相互促进的统一体,充分发挥城市与乡村各自的优势和作用,使城乡之间的劳动力、技术、资金、资源等生产要素在一定范围内进行合理的交流与组合。推进城乡一体化的核心在于强化都市圈内的中心城市的市场功能,发挥中心城市对外围区域的支配、联系和溢出等效应,促进城乡设施、产业、空间的紧密联合乃至融合。     

How migration restrictions limit agglomeration and productivity in China

China strongly restricts rural–urban migration, resulting in a well acknowledged surplus of labor in agriculture. But migration is also restricted within sectors. This paper argues that these intra-sector restrictions lead to insufficient agglomeration of economic activity in both the rural industrial and urban sectors, with resulting first order losses in GDP. For urban areas the paper estimates a city productivity relationship, based on city GDP numbers. The effects of access, educational attainment, FDI, and public infrastructure on productivity are estimated. Given these, worker productivity is shown to be an inverted U-shape function of city employment, with the peak point shifting out as industrial composition moves from manufacturing to services, as predicted by urban theory. As far as we know this is the first paper to actually estimate the relationship between output per worker and city scale for any country. The majority of Chinese cities are shown to be potentially undersized—below the lower bound on the 95% confidence interval about the size where their output per worker peaks. The paper calculates the large gains from increased agglomeration in both the rural industrial and urban sectors.     

发达地区县域城市化水平量测与城市化道路选择—青岛市城阳区个案研究

随着我国乡镇地区社会经济的迅速发展和人口、经济空间结构不甘落后 日益复杂,传统的城镇人口统计口径在量测城市水平时表现了邮越来越多的局限性。本文结合实地调查,在分析传统方法存在问题的基础上尝试提出了为接近实际的城市化量测方法,并据此对城市化的内涵进行了探讨,提出了目前我国推进城市化进程中值得注意的一些问题。     

The crisis of urbanization in Asia: finding alternatives to megalopolitan growth

The rapid expansion of large Asian cities generates serious social, economic, and physical problems, and has thereby forced these areas to create alternative expansion plans, such as the idea of building up secondary cities and towns. The result of the rapid expansion of large cities, combined with poor urban management, accentuates the mass poverty in many Asian cities. This large urban population is expected to double or triple in size between 1970 and 2000. Because substantial resources are required to manage these megalopolitan areas, it is reasonable to deduce that millions of these city dwellers will be living in absolute poverty by 2000. It is the prospect of continued rapid growth over the next 2 decades that presents the most serious problem for Asian countries. Most metropolises cannot provide enough jobs for the current work force. In addition, public facilities, housing, transportation, and health services are examples of other problems threatened by a heavy concentration of people. Attempts to control this growth have been unsuccessful, mainly due to the 1950s and 1960s emphasis on productive investment, which left rural regions underdeveloped and poor. Secondary cities and regional centers in Asia perform important functions in promoting widespread economic and social development: 1) they stimulate rural economies and therefore establish a pattern of step-wise migration, and 2) they absorb population and therefore, relieve some of the pressure put on the largest metropolitan areas. Studies of secondary cities and their attempts at controlling growth of large metropolitan centers suggest broad guidelines for strategies. Some of these are: 1) the existence of large metropolises has little effect on the growth of primate cities; 2) few controls on growth of large areas are likely to be effective unless there are viable alternative locations at which high threshold economic activities can operate; 3) secondary cities must be closely related to the agricultural economies of their rural hinterlands; and 4) attention must be given to improving transportation and other communication between large metropolitan centers, secondary cities, and smaller cities and towns. The continued concentration of people and economic activities in vast megalopolitan areas will continue to generate serious economic and social problems that may help stimulate the evolution of some of these strategies.     

Cities, Workers, and Wages: A Structural Analysis of the Urban Wage Premium

Workers earn higher wages in cities vs. rural areas. This gap could arise because cities make workers more productive, or it could be the result of a non-random selection of workers into cities based on their ability and their endogenous history of career choices. To untangle these issues, this paper estimates a dynamic programming model, which embeds the choice of residing in a city or rural area within a model of career choices over time. After controlling for all the sources of selection and endogeneity, the estimates indicate that a given worker does earn more in the city for white-collar work, but not for blue-collar work. In addition, city work experience is found to be worth more than rural work experience in the rural area for white-collar work, but not for blue-collar work. These results support the interpretation that cities make white-collar workers more productive and suggest that workers may consider moving to the city not only in terms of locational choice, but also as a form of human capital investment.     

改革开放以来山东省城镇化进程中的主要问题与发展对策

改革开放以来,以农村工业化为主要源动力、以小城镇数量及城市市区的双重扩张为特征的粗放型城镇化发展模式,在推动农村产业结构调整、促进农业剩余劳动力转移的同时,亦给山东全省经济、社会的健康、持续发展造成了诸多方面的影响。新世纪坚持以人为本、以科学发展观为指导思想,山东省城镇化发展的总体方针应该是:进一步强化大城市建设;积极合理发展中等城市;重点发展小城市;有选择、有重点地发展小城镇。在此基础上,就推进全省城镇化有序、健康发展的相关对策进行了探讨。