钢铁行业上市公司资本结构与公司绩效关系的实证分析

上市公司拥有合理的资本结构有利于公司凭借资本结构对治理结构的影响进行战略投资及进一步规范公司经营行为,提高公司绩效。纵观我国钢铁行业上市公司的发展,其资本结构存在债务融资结构不合理、股权过度集中等现象,这些从理论上来看都制约着公司绩效的提高。本文试图通过研究钢铁行业上市公司资本结构与公司绩效的相关关系,根据实证分析结果提出如何调整资本结构使公司绩效最大化的对策建议。     

宏观经济形势对上市公司资本结构的影响

公司资本结构是现代金融财务学术界的重点研究领域,对公司结构治理和财务决策具有重大的实践意义.本文以沪深300上市公司为研究对象,从经济发展水平、通货膨胀、实际贷款利率、货币供应量、财政支出、金融中介的发展水平、金融市场的发展水平等宏观经济变量入手,研究对其对上市公司资本结构的影响,采用面板数据进行线性回归.     

河南省上市公司债务融资和公司绩效相关性研究

文章以沪深两市河南省上市公司2008年~2010年的数据对债务融资结构与公司绩效的关系进行了实证研究,将债务融资结构细分为债务融资水平结构、债务融资期限结构和债务融资类型结构,与其公司绩效的关系进行了实证研究,希望通过研究能够对我省的资本市场提供一些参考意义.     

非财务利益相关者与企业资本结构决策

财务利益相关者不能完全解释企业资本结构决策.从非财务利益相关者的角度出发,结合企业自身特征,探讨其对企业资本结构决策的影响.研究结果表明:非财务利益相关者的自身特征如负债水平和行业集中度等会对企业资本结构决策产生影响.进一步地,企业自身特征如产品异质性、行业地位等会改变非财务利益相关者对企业资本结构决策的影响程度.     

论资本市场与企业资本结构的关系

一、资本结构与企业价值 资本结构是企业各种长期资金筹集来源的构成和比例关系,一般指债务资本和权益资本的构成比例.资本结构决策是公司理财的核心内容,目标是追求公司价值最大化.在持续经营假设下,企业价值是企业未来收益的折现值,即决定企业价值的最重要两个因素是企业的预期收益和折现率.     

新环境下企业债务融资风险管理与控制探讨

债务融资一直是公司的一项重要的财务决策,有关债务融资的风险管理与控制问题也是学术界广泛关注的焦点。本文在分析债务融资利弊的基础上,提出了完善我国企业债务融资风险管理与控制机制,进一步优化企业资本结构,实现企业价值最大化。     

论资本结构对公司价值的影响

根据MM理论,在不考虑企业所得税的情况下,公司的价值与资本结构无关。而考虑企业所得税的MM理论则认为,在完善的资本市场这一基本假设条件下,考虑企业所得税后,由于债务的税盾作用,企业的资本结构对企业的资本成本和市场价值有影响。这些结论都以一系列假设为前提。本文考虑代理成本与财务拮据成本的情况,分析此情况下的模型的改进。     

为什么使用外币债务？——中国上市公司的实证证据

本文基于中证800指数公司2013年至2015年年报中金融负债的币种结构信息,首次研究了我国公司层面外币债务的使用动机以及财务后果。研究发现,我国上市公司外币债务融资的重要影响因素为外汇风险对冲;国际化水平较高的公司更可能使用外币债务。另外,本文首次直接研究并发现了外汇衍生品与外币债务的互补关系。进一步研究发现,外币债务的使用能够降低债务资本成本,但人民币贬值带来的汇兑损失会抵消其低利率优势。本文的研究结果为我国企业平衡本外币债务成本(风险)与收益、优化负债水平和结构提供了借鉴。     

资产专用性与公司资本结构——来自中国制造业股份有限公司的经验证据

交易成本经济学视角下的公司融资理论指出,债务与权益应该视为不同类型的“治理结构”,而这种治理结构的具体选择又主要取决于公司资产专用性。我们以2001—2003年我国制造业股份有限公司为研究对象,运用多元线性回归计量模型实证表明,公司资本结构与资产专用性和盈利能力负相关,但公司盈利能力与资产专用性正相关。因此,公司资本结构的决策不仅要考虑公司资产投资具有专用性的特点,而且还要考虑其自身的盈利能力,才可能在激烈的产品市场竞争中获得可持续竞争优势与优良绩效。     

论资本市场与企业资本结构的关系

一、资本结构与企业价值资本结构是企业各种长期资金筹集来源的构成和比例关系,一般指债务资本和权益资本的构成比例。资本结构决策是公司理财的核心内容,目标是追求公司价值最大化。在持续经营假设下,企业价值是企业未来收益的折现值,即决定企业价值的最重要两个因素是企业的预期收益和折现率。从企业财务看,资本结构不仅影响企业的预期收益,而且对折现率的高低也有重要影响。因此,资本结构决策是企业财务管理的重要内容,具有十分重要的地位。由于资本结构的重要性,许多经济学家致力于研究资本结构与企业价值之间的关系。他们取得的成果一般被分为早期资本结构理论和现代资本结构理论。早期资本结构理论主要是对经验事实的一些总结,而现代资本结构理论以MM理论为肇始,具有较为严密的理论体系。1958年莫迪利安尼和米勒发表了题为《资本成本、公司财务和其衍生理论》的经典论文,提出了MM理论,开创了现代资本结构理论。MM理论认为,如果不存在公司所得税,企业就无法利用财务杠杆来提高净资产收益率,因此债务的增加不会提高公司价值。据此,他们得出了企业价值与企业资本结构无关的结论。由于这一结论依赖的无所得税前提是不存在的,莫迪利安尼和米勒对MM定理作了修正。他们认为...     

Geographic diversification and firm value in the financial services industry

This paper investigates whether geographic diversification is value-enhancing or value-destroying in the financial services sector, broadly defined. Our dataset comprises approximately 3579 observations over the period from 1985 to 2004 and covers the entire range of U.S. financial intermediaries — commercial banks, investment banks, insurance companies, asset managers, and financial infrastructure services firms. We use two alternative measures of geographic diversification: (1) a dummy variable whether the firm reports more than one geographic segment and (2) the percentage of sales from non-domestic operations. Our results indicate that geographic diversification is not associated with a significant valuation discount in financial intermediaries. However, when accounting for the firms' main activity-areas, we find evidence of a significant discount associated with geographic diversification in securities firms and a premium in credit intermediaries and insurance companies. All these results are robust after taking into account functional diversification of the firms, a potential endogeneity of both functional and geographic diversification, and a potential value transfer from equity to debt holders by using estimates of the market value of debt.     

Diversification and the cost of debt of bank holding companies

In this study, we investigate the relationship between various dimensions of diversification and the cost of debt for publicly traded bank holding companies (BHCs). We find that both domestic geographic diversification of deposits and diversification of assets lead to a lower bond yield-spread. Diversification of non-traditional banking activities leads to a lower cost of debt only when yield-spread and diversification are estimated simultaneously. In addition, we find that medium-sized BHCs experience a greater reduction in bond yield-spread than small-sized and large-sized BHCs. This is consistent with the too-big-to-fail (TBTF) effects in the banking industry. Furthermore, we document that the association between diversification and yield-spread is bidirectional with higher yield-spreads being associated with greater asset and activity diversification and lower geographic deposit dispersion. The effect of diversification on bond yield-spread is robust after accounting for cross-sectional and serial correlation, and the endogeneity of diversification.     

公司治理结构与多元化经营

2003年我国721家A股上市公司的多元化和相关财务数据表明,近一半的企业选择或维持多元化经营.经研究发现:股权结构对公司多元化经营决策和多元化绩效有显著影响:非国有控股公司较多实行多元化经营并且多元化绩效较好;控股股东持股比例越高,越不可能实行多元化经营,多元化绩效也越好.董事会特征、管理层持股对多元化经营决策和多元化绩效基本没有影响.公司负债率越高,实行多元化经营的可能性越大,多元化绩效越好.研究结果支持代理理论,多元化经营是控股股东谋取私利的方式.     

基于两阶段DEA模型的上市公司债权融资效率研究——以战略性新兴产业新能源汽车为例

运用两阶段关联网络DEA模型,对我国新能源汽车产业上市公司的债权融资效率及各子阶段对应效率进行了测算。研究结果表明:新能源汽车产业上市公司债权融资效率水平偏低,而债权筹资效率相对低下是其主要原因;随着时间推移,大部分新能源汽车产业上市公司两阶段效率逐渐趋向双重高效。     

Institutional Ownership,Diversification, and Riskiness of Bank Holding Companies

We examine the relationship among the level and stability of institutional ownership, diversification, and riskiness of publicly traded bank holding companies. We find that large and stable institutional ownership is associated with a higher (lower) level of geographic, revenue, and nontraditional banking (asset) diversification and lower risk, suggesting that institutional investors are prudent and favor risk‐reducing diversification strategies. The association between institutional ownership level and diversification is more pronounced under deregulation and during the crisis, suggesting a substitution effect between regulation and market discipline, and a greater level of monitoring and/or advising by institutional investors during the crisis, respectively.     

公司治理结构与多元化投资——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

对2008年我国上市公司公司治理结构对多元化投资的影响进行实证研究后发现:股权集中度与多元化程度显著负相关;国有股比例和法人股比例与多元化程度负相关,但不显著。董事会规模、独立董事人数和两职合一状态与多元化投资不具有显著的相关性;董事会会议次数与多元化程度显著正相关;高级管理层持股比例与多元化程度相关性不显著;资产负债率与多元化程度正相关,但不显著。     

民营企业债务违约是内因驱动吗？——基于短贷长投和多元化经营视角的分析

不同于以往从外部因素的角度关注民营企业债务问题,本文从企业自身行为出发分析了民企债务违约是否由内因驱动。具体地,本文考察了短贷长投和多元化经营对民营企业债务违约的影响。结果发现,总体上短贷长投以及多元化程度提高了民企债务违约的可能性。从传导机制上看,短贷长投和多元化降低了企业的盈利水平、提高了过度负债、增加了代理成本,并通过以上三个渠道提高了企业债务违约的可能性。从异质性结果来看,信贷紧缩会加大短贷长投对债务违约的促进作用。对于政府支持的行业而言,短贷长投和多元化引发的债务违约问题更严重。最后,更多的短贷长投和多元化在决策得当情况下不会引发债务违约风险。本文的结果表明,民营企业债务违约主要是由内因驱动,即由企业在“求大”“上层次”的心理下实施的粗放式发展模式驱动。本文对于追溯民企违约的根源、精准施策进而更好地支持民企发展具有一定的启示。     

Evidence from German Companies of Effects of Corporate Risk Management on Capital Structure Decisions

The author investigates the interaction between risk management and capital structure among publicly listed German companies. By surveying executives at these companies, she computes a risk management score for each company indicating the extent of risk management practices. The scores reflect not only the companies' use of derivatives and “at‐risk” ratios, but also the respondents' assessments of how well risk management has been integrated into existing corporate processes. Some results, though not all, are consistent with finance theory. Most important, companies with more extensive risk management activities have higher debt ratios and lower interest coverage ratios. At the same time, such companies also exhibit lower volatility of cash flow, sales, EBIT, and net income, which helps explain their ability to service more debt. And, finally, companies with more extensive—and, according to their responding executives, more effective—risk management also tend to be larger, have longer debt maturities, lower average costs of debt, and have more tangible assets.     

Settling the debate on multinational capital structure using the CEPR measure

Portfolio theory suggests that because of diversification benefits, multinational corporations (MNCs) should have lower risk and therefore could have more debt. Empirical studies, however, have repeatedly shown that MNCs from the US face higher risks and have lower debt levels. Burgman (1996) suggests that agency costs as well as political and exchange rate risks are the explanation. Kwok and Reeb (2000) explain this puzzle, presenting an upstream-downstream hypothesis suggesting that MNCs from emerging markets reduce their risk by going international (they go to safer markets), while firms from developed countries increase their risk by going abroad (they go to riskier markets). By introducing a new measure of Country Export Partner Risk (CEPR), we show that the weighted average risk level of a country's export trading partners is negatively related to the leverage of its multinationals, thus confirming the upstream-downstream hypothesis. Furthermore, once controlling for CEPR, we find that the multinationality of the firm is positively related to leverage, thus lending support to the traditional diversification argument. Our findings, therefore, help settle the debate between these two opposing streams of multinational capital structure literature.     

Structuring the IPO: Empirical evidence on the portions of primary and secondary shares

We empirically study the determinants of the portions of primary and secondary shares offered in IPOs. The data show that young, small growth firms tend to issue primary shares. Limited internal cash generation and a debt mix that largely consists of bank loans have a significant positive impact on the primary portion. The data also reveal that if financing needs warrant a relatively small primary portion, companies add secondary shares to increase the offering size, which enhances post-IPO stock liquidity. Furthermore, these growth firms are more likely to issue seasoned equity in the aftermarket. Conversely, established firms tend to offer only secondary shares. The diversification motive does not drive the size of the secondary portion but adverse selection costs have an impact. Also, firms selling only secondary shares show higher post-IPO control turnover.