制度性国际贸易壁垒论

<国际贸易>教科书将贸易措施划分为关税壁垒措施和非关税壁垒措施,忽视了制度性国际贸易壁垒措施;传统的国际贸易壁垒理论仅认为关税壁垒是"合法"的,忽视了国际贸易制度的"合法"性.事实上国际贸易壁垒,正在向制度化方向发展,制度性贸易壁垒已经成为国际贸易措施的主流.     

International Economies of Scale and the Gains from Trade

In this paper, we present a two-country trade model with external economies of scale that emerge on an international level but are partially localized in each country. First, we show that the larger country exports the good produced in an industry with external economies of scale in the trading equilibrium. Second, we investigate the welfare effects of trade for the following two cases: (I) the case where external economies are completely localized in autarky; (II) the case where external economies are internationally effective in autarky. In case (II), it is shown that trade can be welfare-decreasing for both countries.     

International Trade and Environmental Regulation: Time Series Evidence and Cross Section Test

This paper examines empiricallywhether more stringent domestic environmental policiesreduce the international competitiveness ofenvironmentally sensitive goods (ESGs). Our timeseries evidence indicates that there are no systematicchanges in trade patterns of ESGs in the last threedecades, despite the introduction of more stringentenvironmental regulations in most of the developedcountries in the 1970s and 1980s. This observedphenomenon is then subjected to a multi-countryeconometric test using an extended gravity-equationframework. The test suggests that, overall, morestringent environmental regulations do not reducetotal exports, exports of ESGs and exports ofnon-resource-based ESGs. Neither was there anyevidence to support the hypothesis that new tradebarriers emerge to offset the effects of morestringent environmental regulations.     

中国保税区国际物流发展面临的问题及其对策

国际物流功能在中国保税区建区十几年来发挥着重要作用,其保税仓储,国际配送,转口贸易等功能一直得到促进与加强,但也遇到了一些新的问题。加强中国保税区物流业与国际市场的接轨,创新保税物流园区监管模式是其必然选择。     

国际贸易和国际直接投资一体化的理论基础探析

传统的新古典国际贸易理论否定国际直接投资的存在空间,但经济全球化的迅速发展现实则表明国际贸易和国际直接投资是相互促进发展的。本文回顾了国际贸易和国际直接投资理论融合的历史和现状,着重分析了内在规模经济（内在比较优势）的理论渊源,探讨了贸易投资一体化的理论基础是基于内在规模经济的国际分工。     

国际金融危机下的新贸易保护主义以及应对

贸易保护主义的新形式下,资本主义国家通过发挥非关税壁垒的屏障功能、操纵货币汇率、使用行政和法律手段干预国际贸易,因此,新贸易保护主义具有名义上的合理性、形式上的欺骗性、手段上的隐蔽性等特点。政府应该加强宏观调控,发挥行业协会的协调监督职能,提升出口企业的市场主体功能以应对新贸易保护主义。     

Free Trade Agreements and the Prospects for Regional Integration in East Asia

Trade policy in East Asia has switched from non-discriminatory unilateral liberalization, reinforced by General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) commitments, to discriminatory free trade agreements (FTA). The paper surveys the FTA activity of the major regional players: China, the ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea. It concludes that emerging FTAs are weak and partial. A hub-and-spoke pattern of dirty FTAs will not drive regional economic integration or further integration with the global economy. Rather, it could be a force of regional economic disintegration – especially if the multilateral trading system weakens further. At the same time, FTA activity is distracting attention from the WTO, and, more fundamentally, from unilateral liberalization and domestic structural reforms. Hence, East Asian trade policies need to be rebalanced, with better-quality FTAs and more focus on the WTO. However, more important than the WTO and FTAs is a fresh spurt of unilateral liberalization and structural reform outside trade negotiations.     

国际贸易冲击与中国经济的周期波动

国际经济波动对我国经济周期的影响主要是通过国际贸易渠道实现的,本文在对我国对外贸易波动的特征及与经济周期相关性分析的基础之上,通过国际贸易乘数效应具体分析了国际贸易冲击对经济周期波动的影响,其结论表明国际贸易冲击对我国的经济周期波动产生重要的作用和影响,出口每波动1%,会引发GDP波动0.25个百分点左右,随着我国对外贸易的快速增长,贸易波动对宏观经济的影响会进一步增加。     

International Trade as Determined by Income and Income Distribution

Abstract

In standard trade theory, consumption is normally assumed to be homothetic. Consequently, income and its distribution have no role in determining international trade patterns. This paper examines the assumption and its implications. The assumption of homothetic preferences is rejected at the 1% level. It further demonstrates that the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) model modified by allowing for non-homothetic taste improves the performance of HOV prediction and explains some of the trade puzzles and paradoxes.     

国际贸易的内生化新体系:新兴古典贸易理论

新兴古典经济学派从消费者与生产者的统一出发,构建了贸易产生的内生化新体系。该体系拓展了国际贸易的新理论建构,以专业化与分工为基础,引进外生交易费用、内生交易费用、市场组织与层系等参数,可使得国际贸易在经济中的产生内生化,并由此形式化贸易的发展历程,为国内贸易与国际贸易建立统一的基础,克服以新古典经济学为框架的传统国际贸易理论中国际贸易与国内贸易具有不同基础的理论困难,提供了国际贸易理论的全新思路,对21世纪全球市场的形成与发展具有重要的启示意义。     

农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学分析

世贸组织多哈回合的坎昆会议上农产品贸易谈判的失败,集中体现出对外贸易政策的本质是其本国国内政治经济的反映。农产品的特点和作用以及农业的特殊地位决定了发达国家在农产品贸易中的高保护政策。对农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学视角的分析能够使我们更好地了解发达国家在贸易谈判中的观点和立场。     

International Trade and the Environment: Theoretical and Policy Linkages

I review and extend three approaches to trade and environmental policies: competitive general equilibrium, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The first two have surprisingly similar implications: deviations from first-best rules are justified only by constraints on policy choice (which motivates what I call a “single dividend” approach to environmental policy), and taxes and emissions standards differ in ways which reflect the Le Chatelier principle. I also show how environmental taxes may lead to a catastrophic relocation of industry in the presence of agglomeration effects, although not necessarily if there is a continuum of industries which differ in pollution intensity. *An earlier version was presented as an invited plenary lecture to the European Association for Environmental and Resource Economics Conference, Oslo, 1999.     

International Trade, Bargaining and Efficiency: The Holdup Problem

In the presence of product market imperfections and holdup, we identify allocative and productive efficiency gains resulting from international trade. Under a bilateral monopoly in a closed economy, inefficiencies arise in both input and output markets. Trade in final goods has a procompetitive effect in the product market. This in turn triggers an increase in output, which raises incentives for the upstream firm to invest and helps reduce the hold-up problem.
JEL classification: F 12; F 13; F 15     

On the Causality between Trade Credits and Imports: Evidence and Possible Implication for Trade Penalties on Debt Defaults

Abstract

This study investigates the association between trade credits and imports of developing countries. Made available by its creditors, the main function of trade credits is to facilitate cross-border transactions of goods and services. This study finds that the reliance of imports on trade credits varies across regions and income: towards the end of the 1990s, the trade credits to imports ratio ranged from 0.20 for East Asia & the Pacific to 0.87 for Africa, and from 0.24 for high-income countries to 0.79 for low-income countries. Applying panel and cross-country estimation, we find that past trade credits help predict current imports, but past imports do not alter the future path of trade credits. Further, the positive association between trade credits and imports is larger for countries more dependent upon trade credits. The findings support the notion that countries make debt repayments to avoid any potential disruption on the line of trade credits. We also find that the trade credits penalty could materialize within less than two quarters.     

从人力资本视角分析中国服务贸易竞争力

在当今全球经济中,服务贸易在一固经济结构中的份顿,在一定程度上反映了该国的国际竞争力和固际化水平.长期以来.中国服务贸易竞争优势主要仰仗于成本低廉、总量丰富的低端劳动力.但随着中国经济进入"刘易斯转折点",快速的人口转变将导致人口红利的短缺.廉价劳动力驱动的服务贸易增长方式也将宣告结束.为此,必须大力开发人力资源,提升人力资本水平,用质量替代数量.实现服务贸易的可持续发展.     

试析《中美洲自由贸易协定》多角化影响

历经9年的艰苦谈判之后,美国与中美洲五国及多米尼加签署了《中美洲自由贸易协定》(CAFTA-DR).该协定的签署对于中美洲国家而言意义重大,借助该协定的实施,中美洲国家的贸易与直接投资将会得到大幅度的增长,地区经济将会快速发展.同时,CAFTA-DR的签订,改变了中美洲原先的次区域一体化优先路线,对中美洲未来的区域一体化进程将会产生深远的影响.     

发展国际贸易融资的问题和对策

中国入世后,国际贸易环境因此得以改善,中国的优势产品出口空间得以扩展,与此相俘相生的是进出口企业对中长期贸易融资的需求更加强烈,然而,现实的贸易融资无论从形式上、业务量上还是法律的健全上都无法和市场的要求相匹配,中资银行留下的市场空白外资银行来补,中资银行已有的市场份额外资银行来抢,现实迫使我们集中人才优势,培育黄金客户,完善法律法规,在控制好国际贸易融资风险的前提下．使之向多样化的方向发展．最终和外资银行分庭抗礼。     

自由贸易协定中原产地规则的经济效应分析

原产地规则是自由贸易协定中的一项重要内容,对于正在积极参与自由贸易协定的中国来说,更是一个日益重要的理论和实践问题.本文着重于分析自由贸易协定中的原产地规则对企业成本、贸易、投资和福利方面的影响,并在此基础上提出我国制定和有效发挥原产地规则作用的政策建议.     

国际产业转移与我国外贸商品结构关系的实证分析

20世纪90年代以来, 在经济全球化和知识经济的共同推动下,国际产业转移的趋势不断变化,为我国产业结构升级提供了良机.认识并把握这个机遇,理清国际产业转移与我国外贸商品结构间的关系,在努力提升我国产业结构的同时,优化我国外贸商品结构,推动我国经济的发展.     

进出口贸易增长、人民币汇率波动与贸易均衡汇率决定——基于两国模型的理论与政策分析

非市场化商品和劳务、技术进步与人口增长速度差异等因素的存在,使得准确计算人民币均衡汇率面临诸多困难;只有当两国的技术进步增长率与人口增长率之和相等且两国的贸易量为零增长速度时,才会出现零波动幅度的贸易均衡汇率;在两国或者多国构成的国际经济体系中,在一定条件下可能存在贸易汇率波动均衡,但会表现出不同的特征;应根据我国贸易汇率波动均衡特征制订和实施更具灵活性和弹性的贸易政策和汇率政策.