金融危机后资产型通货膨胀与货币政策前沿研究

2008年全球金融危机冲击之后,各国普遍出现了高货币增长下一般价格水平比较稳定而资产价格快速膨胀的现象。传统的通货膨胀理论和现有的货币政策范式难以解释与应对,"资产型通货膨胀"已经成为后危机时代一个亟需研究的问题。鉴于此,本文从货币及资产价格的视角对国外相关研究进行了梳理,力图厘清资产型通货膨胀的特点、资产价格与通货膨胀的关系、预期及货币在促成资产型通货膨胀中的推动作用,以及如何建立新的应对资产型通胀的货币政策新框架等问题。在综述分析的基础上提出未来研究中的挑战性问题。     

浅析通胀预期、通货膨胀与资产价格之间的联系

通胀预期、通货膨胀、资产价格是当前经济领域学者们议论和关注的热门话题。文章剖析了三者之间的相互联系后,围绕加强通胀预期管理,积极治理通货膨胀;处理好资产价格与货币政策之间的关系等三个方面进行探讨。     

中国通胀预期、通货膨胀和农产品价格的关系研究

在引入通胀预期这一因素后,根据2002—2011年样本利用VAR方法对通胀预期、通货膨胀和农产品价格三者之间的动态关系进行实证分析。研究发现,三个变量具有很强的趋同性,通胀预期和通货膨胀均有明显的惯性,并且通胀预期对通胀的影响要大于通胀对通胀预期的影响;农产品价格和通货膨胀之间存在着双向的因果关系,农产品价格受到通货膨胀56%的决定性影响,而农产品价格对通货膨胀的影响仅为14%。     

通货膨胀持久性研究综述

通货膨胀持久性是通货膨胀的动态特征之一,与货币政策实施效果密切相关。为了扩展和完善我国传统通货膨胀理论,本文对通货膨胀持久性的相关研究进行系统的归纳和综述,在分析通胀持久性来源的基础上,重点介绍估计持久性水平的单变量方法和多变量方法,并分析经济结构、价格机制或货币政策变化对通胀持久性的影响。同时,文章通过货币政策传导机制描述了通胀持久性对货币政策的影响,指出制订货币政策时低估通胀持久性的危害。     

应对资产价格波动的最优货币规则研究——基于福利损失函数的实证分析

通过构建最优货币政策模型对中国货币政策进行的实证检验,发现中国的货币政策主要以盯住通货膨胀为主要目标,同时关注产出的变化,但对股票价格波动的变化并没有给予充分的关注。而通过中国预设货币政策操作框架下对股票价格波动不同反应状况的分析,发现货币政策对资产价格赋予较小权重时,中央银行的福利损失函数将会有所改善;如果继续加大对资产价格干预的权重,则会导致中央银行福利损失函数的迅速恶化。因此可以认为,中央银行还不适宜对资产价格进行过度的关注,只适合在关注通胀和产出的基础上,对资产价格给予适度的关注。     

货币紧缩政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性研究

货币供应与通货膨胀具有长期正相关性,而实物类资产货币化和金融类资产扩容可能延缓货币政策抑制通货膨胀的有效性。货币供应和通货膨胀的相关性使调控货币、通胀成为传统的政策手段,但在通货膨胀综合了成本推动和需求拉动的情况下,货币政策的有效性在下降,而在货币供应存在信贷配给和双轨定价等制度性约束的情况下,总量意义的货币紧缩反而会提升金融成本并对短期通货膨胀起到推波助澜的作用。从逻辑上看,高货币存量决定增量紧缩将成常态,只有消除制度约束,推进利率市场化,发挥价格变量的引导作用,才能保证货币调控的有效性。     

控制我国通胀:数量型工具与价格型工具的比较分析

控制通胀可运用价格型和数量型两类工具。数量型工具能控制需求拉动型通货膨胀,对货币需求的利率弹性要求低,不直接影响实体经济的运行,而价格型工具则比较适于控制成本推进型的通胀,要求货币需求有比较高的利率弹性,今后我国可能出现内生性的中长期滞胀问题,如果以价格型工具控制通胀,可能导致我国经济加速滑坡并带来混合型通货膨胀。     

通货膨胀预期、货币政策工具选择与宏观经济稳定

基于含消费惯性和金融加速器的动态随机一般均衡模型,定量解析了不同货币政策工具下通胀预期偏差对宏观经济稳定的影响.结果发现,价格型工具调控下,通胀预期偏差对经济有正面影响,而数量型工具调控时有负面影响;短期内,数量型工具能更有效遏制通胀,长期看,价格型工具的调控效应更显著.研究表明,央行应有针对性的搭配不同政策工具,构建基于资产价格的广义价格指标和通货膨胀预期测度,提高政策的可信性和可测性,实现对通胀预期的有效引导与调控.     

改革开放以来中国历次通货膨胀解析

改革开放以来，中国出现的几次通货膨胀都与食品价格的上涨密不可分，尤其是政府投资的快速增长促使了原材料价格的大幅上涨，是导致通胀的主因。因此，应采取转变经济发展方式，促进市场发育和间接化宏观调控手段来治理通胀。     

通货膨胀不确定性：内涵及影响

通货膨胀不确定性是通货膨胀不可预测部分的方差。通胀不确定性的大小取决于国内外经济金融形势和政府威信。通货膨胀对通胀不确定性有正向影响．通胀不确定性通过影响通胀预期而间接影响通货膨胀。通货膨胀不确定性对经济的影响可分为事前影响和事后影响。实证检验发现,通胀不确定性与通货膨胀之间有很强的双向格兰杰因果关系：如果经济保持快速增长,通胀不确定性对经济的干扰会不断加大,控制通胀不确定性的意义也就更加重大。     

Inflation,tax rules,and the prices of land and gold

Traditional theory implies that the relative price of consumer goods and of such real assets as land and gold should not be permanently affected by the rate of inflation. A change in the general rate of inflation should, in equilibrium, cause an equal change in the rate of inflation for each asset price. The experience of the past decade has been very different from the predictions of this theory: the prices of land, gold, and other such stores of value have increased by substantially more than the general price level. The present paper presents a simple theoretical model that explains the positive relation between the rate of inflation and the relative price of such real assets. More specifically, in an economy with an income tax, an increase in the expected rate of inflation causes an immediate increase in the relative price of such ‘store of value’ real assets. The behavior of real asset prices discussed in this paper is thus a further example of the non-neutral response of capital markets to inflation in an economy with income taxes.     

Monetary policy and asset prices

The purpose of this paper is study the effect of monetary policy on asset prices. We study the properties of a monetary model in which a real asset is valued for its rate of return and for its liquidity. We show that money is essential if and only if real assets are scarce, in the precise sense that their supply is not sufficient to satisfy the demand for liquidity. Our model generates a clear connection between asset prices and monetary policy. When money grows at a higher rate, inflation is higher and the return on money decreases. In equilibrium, no arbitrage amounts to equating the real return of both objects. Therefore, the price of the asset increases in order to lower its real return. This negative relationship between inflation and asset returns is in the spirit of research in finance initiated in the early 1980s.     

流动性影响资产价格与消费价格的传导机制

对我国1998年1季度到2009年1季度的资产价格与消费价格的波动进行实证分析,发现货币供应量增加首先带来房地产价格上升,约两年后,消费价格指数开始上升,说明货币供应通过资产价格再传导到消费价格。在当前流动性再次增加的情况下,要考虑其对资产价格及通货膨胀预期的影响,并可实行分类增加信贷的政策,防止资产价格泡沫化。     

OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY AND ASSET PRICE MISALIGNMENTS

This paper analyses the relationship between monetary policy and asset prices in the context of optimal policy rules. The transmission mechanism is represented by a linearized rational expectations model augmented for the effect of asset prices on aggregate demand. Stabilization objectives are represented by a discounted quadratic loss function penalizing inflation and output gap volatility. Asset prices are allowed to deviate from their intrinsic value due to momentum trading. We find that in the presence of wealth effects and inefficient markets, asset price misalignments from their fundamentals should be included in the optimal interest rate reaction function.     

Aggregate demand, food prices, and the underlying rate of inflation

With the inflation rate rising in the 1970s, the concept of an underlying rate of inflation became increasingly popular. The rationale for subtracting out food and fuel price increases was straightforward: such increases were viewed as reflecting special supply-side factors likely to be temporary and reversible or, at worst, one-time rises in relative prices with no lasting effect on the inflation rate. This paper presents empirical evidence that raises serious questions about these assumptions and procedures. More specifically, shifts in aggregate demand have a statistically significant cumulative effect on food prices and this effect increases quantitatively as food moves from the farm to the retail level. The cumulative effect of demand on food prices was also found to have increased over time (as farmers' value-added declined) and demand appears to effect prices more quickly at the wholesale level than at the retail level.     

Impact of asset price fluctuation on China’s monetary policy: An empirical analysis based on quarterly data, 1994–2006

The strenuous fluctuation in global asset price in recent years has had a profound impact on the economic and social development of every country. An empirical analysis indicates that asset prices (the stock price index and real estate prices) are important endogenous variables affecting the interest rate reaction function of central bank monetary policy. With expected inflation as a given, each one percentage point rise in output gap will cause a 0.79 percentage point reduction in interest rates by the central bank and each one percentage point rise in real estate price will result in a 2.2 percentage point rise in interest rates. The stock price index does have an influence on the trends in monetary policy, but it is less salient than the impact of housing prices. We also show that monetary policy that employs asset price as an endogenous variable increases the central bank’s control in seeking to attain its objectives. Therefore we suggest that the central bank should make asset price fluctuation an endogenous variable and incorporate it into its forward-looking interest rate rule, in order to facilitate the healthy development of China’s markets for real estate, stocks and derivatives, energy and bulk commodities and maintain rapid, smooth, sustainable and harmonious economic development.     

中国金融状况指数对货币政策传导作用研究

文章利用VECM模型构建了我国的金融状况指数,并对我国通货膨胀进行预测检验,发现包含资产价格信息的金融状况指数能够在当前金融市场频繁波动、资产价格急剧变化的市场条件下,对通货膨胀做出及时、有效的预测.这表明资产对经济的作用日益增强,中央银行在实施货币政策时,必须考虑到资产价格对货币政策的传导影响.然而,当利用金融状况指数对货币政策的资产传递渠道进行分析时,却发现货币政策传导过程中资产价格对产出的影响不大.因此,在实施货币政策时,可以关注资产价格变化时通货膨胀的影响,但由于资产价格在传导过程反应不足,目前还暂不能将资产价格作为货币政策的实际操作指标.     

我国资产价格波动与货币政策关系研究

随着金融自由化的逐步推进,资本市场存量日益增大.这既体现了金融深化程度的提高,又意味着货币供应与国民经济主要指标之间稳定性的弱化.资产价格对货币政策的制订和执行会产生深刻的影响.其中股价、房价等资产价格在货币政策传导机制中扮演的角色越来越重要.本文从实证角度出发,通过构建VAR模型检验我国资产价格对货币政策的反应以及资产价格对货币政策目标的影响,发现资产价格、货币政策及货币政策目标间存在长期协整关系,资产价格对产出有正向冲击作用,股市显著影响通货膨胀,但房地产市场对通货膨胀推动作用不明显,资产价格受货币政策的冲击影响显著,其中股市对货币政策冲击的反应明显大于房地产市场.     

资产价格泡沫与货币政策应对——事先行动还是事后反应

资产价格泡沫的产生原因是多方面的,早期的研究更多地认为资产泡沫来自于投资者的非理性因素,但是随着金融自由化进程的推进,与经济金融发展水平不相适应的金融自由化也成为资产泡沫产生的一个重要原因。而对于资产价格泡沫的货币政策应对一直存在争议,一些学者主张货币政策应该忽略资产价格,而另一些学者则主张货币政策应该对资产价格作出反应。本文基于后一种观点,来探讨当预期资产价格将出现泡沫时,货币政策是该事先行动还是事后反应,为此,本文引入产出跨期配置的理论,来阐述货币政策应对资产价格泡沫的决策模型。     

Quantitative easing tilts the balance between monetary and macroprudential policy

Quantitative easing by central banks has stimulated risk-taking in financial markets and contributed to a liquidity-driven boom in asset prices. It puts the relation between monetary policy and financial stability into a new perspective. We show by a regression analysis for a panel of 11 advanced economies that an asset price bust has adverse effects on inflation. The effect of stock prices and corporate bond rates on inflation is significant, also if we control for developments in credit. This insight implies that in conducting and implementing quantitative easing, central banks should closely monitor and take into account asset bubbles.