环境技术转移的最优社会福利选择——以发展中国家为视角

本文以发展中国家为视角,构建一个基本的双寡头Cournot模型,来分析环境技术从发达国家转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家商品生产和社会福利产生的影响.本文认为环境技术从发达国家无偿转移至发展中国家,对发展中国家社会福利的影响具有不确定性.通过引入福利函数并求解最优的社会福利,发现对发展中国家而言,最优的社会福利选择是:当国内企业生产成本等于国外企业生产成本与环境技术的产量溢出之差时,环境技术的完全转移才是发展中国家的最优社会福利选择.并据此推导出社会福利最优的环境技术转移路径.     

Presidential Address: Welfare Economics Beyond Welfarist-Consequentialism

Capitalizing on the recent work in social choice theory, I re-examine the foundations of post-Pigovian welfare economics and social choice theory. The structure of the old and new welfare economics is critically scrutinized, and the culprits of the poverty of welfare economics as well as of Arrovian social choice theory are boiled down to their common informational basis, referred to as welfarist-consequentialism . Alternative avenues that may be taken in an attempt to escape from the poverty of normative economics are identified and examined. These are focused on interpersonal comparisons of welfare levels, opportunity preferences and the procedural fairness of social choice.
JEL Classification Numbers: B21, D63, D71.     

转移支付均等化条件分析——基于转移支付与地方经济增长的关系

文章运用近16年的转移支付数据验证了龚六堂2000年的观点,即中央政府对地方政府的转移支付率与地方经济增长率之间是"倒U型"的关系。并在此基础上进一步推导出地方经济增长和中央政府对地方政府的转移支付之间也存在着这样"倒U"关系。用这种关系解释两个问题:第一,转移支付对地方经济增长有部分正的刺激作用,无论是富裕地区还是贫穷地区,中央政府都应该对其地方政府给予转移支付,同时转移支付也不是越多越好,也应该有个量的限制,当地方政府的收益足够大时,转移支付对经济增长的刺激就不再那么明显,反而会抑制地方经济增长;第二,从新的角度分析转移支付均等化实现的条件,即富裕地区较贫穷地区较早的进入"倒U"曲线的边际收益递减阶段时,才可能实现均等化。     

专项转移支付漏损的理论分析与实证检验

近年来,政府间专项转移支付作为一项改善特定公共产品供给效率,促进公平的政策手段在教育、卫生、社会保障等领域得到了广泛运用.但是,一些资料也表明大量的专项转移支付并没有用在指定项目上,而是被转移到其他用途.文章从制度比较、行为分析的角度时转移支付漏损的成因、特征与影响进行了理论阐述,并以1998年至2001年中央政府时地方的教育专项转移支付为例进行了实证检验,最后提出相应的对策思考与进一步的研究方向.     

The Welfare Economics of Water Resource Allocation over Time

An operational stochastic capacity expansion model for a survival conscious firm is developed and applied to shrimp fishing in which the entrepreneur evaluates all the information known to him at the time of decision. The results show the effect of survival considerations on the growth in net worth of a firm making sequential and irreversible purchases of physical capital with uncertain future yields. The survival model is applied to shrimp fishing on the Texas Gulf Coast and the reults are compared with those of a simple model in which survival is not considered. Bankruptcy could clearly result from use of the simple model; survival of the firm is guaranteed by use of the survival model.     

Epsilon Cores of Games with Limited Side Payments: Nonemptiness and Equal Treatment

We introduce the concept of a parameterized collection of games with limited side payments, ruling out large transfers of utility, and demonstrate conditions ensuring that a game with limited side payments has a nonempty -core. Our main result is that, when some degree of side-paymentness within nearly-effective small groups is assumed and large transfers are prohibited, then all payoffs in the -core treat similar players similarly. A bound on the distance between -core payoffs of any two similar players is given in terms of the parameters describing the game. These results add to the literature showing that games with many players and small effective groups have the properties of competitive markets. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C71, C78, D71.     

Immigrants and the Use of Government Transfer Payments

This article examines the use of government benefits and allowances by Australian immigrants relative to their native-born counterparts. The study extends the Australian literature by employing micro-level (Australian Longitudinal Survey) data, controlling for a number of relevant variables including first or second generation immigrant status and the nature of transfer payments received. The data on young adults employed in the study provide a comparable population for examining the relative use of benefits among those of similar age, allowing comparisons based on only the relevant types of benefits. The results consistently reject the hypothesis that immigrants are disproportionately using benefit payments and thereby imposing a burden on public funds. These results are of interest, especially since Australia is already a major immigrant-receiving country, and since the Australian welfare system is more extensive in its coverage than most other immigrant-receiving countries.     

基于有限理性假设的行为经济学分析

经济学关于理性假设的争论正成为最近学术界研究的热点。本文提出由于不确定性的存在,个体在追求效用最大化行为的同时,必须考虑他人的选择,正是这种内生的根本不确定性才真正构成了有限理性的实质内容。最后,本文指出在证券市场上即使没有了外生的不确定性,投资者决策之间及其价格的互动也会产生内生的根本不确定性,这对理解股市的泡沫与崩溃有极为重要的意义。     

中国转移支付体制的公共服务均等化效应:分布演进与计量检验

笔者使用核密度估计以及基尼系数、泰尔指数测算后发现,中央转移支付体制构建前后,即1980年～1994年与1995年～2009年两个时段相比中国各省份公共交通基础设施服务、公共卫生服务以及公共教育服务等提供水平的省份间差异呈现出越来越大的趋势。对1995年～2009年我国省级面板数据进行计量回归也显示出中央转移支付力度对各省份三类公共服务提供水平的影响方向为负。现行的中央转移支付体系更偏重于纵向调控功能而非横向平衡功能。     

最优财政和货币政策及其福利效应分析

本文建立了财政和货币政策协作的最优政策模型,并以中国经济为研究对象,以福利效应为最优政策的评估标准,研究了财政和货币政策协作的最优政策机制。分析表明:在Ramsey最优均衡下,财政和货币政策共同作用于通货膨胀和产出目标,以严格通货膨胀为目标的最优货币规则会使得政策的福利损失最小,但货币政策在产出目标、通货膨胀目标以及政策福利损失三者上不能同时兼顾;最优财政规则是趋向缩小收支差,从而趋近于福利损失最小。本文同时使用贝叶斯分析,对中国经济政策2005年第一季度至2009年第二季度的福利效应进行了评估,实证分析表明:样本期间政策的无条件福利损失处于波动状态,经济增长增加了家庭部门的条件福利损失,即经济增长导致跨期消费成本增加。