Testing for Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Using a Century of Panel Data

This paper tests the convergence in per-capita carbon dioxide emissions for a collection of developed and developing countries using data spanning the period 1870–2002. For this purpose, three recently developed panel unit root tests that permit for dependence among the individual countries are employed. The results lend strong support in favor of convergence for the panel as a whole. Estimates of the speed of this convergence is also provided.      

Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence

This paper revisits the time-series literature on the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and examines the robustness of previous results. Using a sample of OECD countries for the period 1950–2002 we employ a battery of stationarity and unit root tests including those that allow for cross-sectional dependencies within the panel. We also correct for inaccuracies in previous studies that could result in a trend-stationary series being labelled as converging even if it were actually diverging from the international average. The body of evidence provided by our analysis suggests that per capita CO₂ emissions have not converged among OECD countries during the period under consideration. This finding is of importance to both climate change policy makers and to those who construct climate change models.      

Accounting for Australian Carbon Dioxide Emissions*

This paper provides an accounting for carbon dioxide emissions arising in Australia by final demand deliveries responsible, using input-output andprimary energy input data for 1982-83. Commodities are ranked by emissons per unit and total emissions. It is shown how the methodology employed usefully structures analysis of emissions reductions options, and can compute the system wide implications of specific measures in terms of total emissions. It is established that emissions arising in producing for export are approximately the same as emissions attributable to imports.     

Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach

The subject of this paper is the examination the convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions of the G7 countries during the 1960–2005 period in a nonlinear panel analysis framework. In this approach, first the linearity of the series was tested, and when the linearity was rejected, the threshold autoregressive (TAR) panel unit root test, which splits the data into two regimes, was employed to examine the stationarity properties of the series. Because the null of linearity was rejected in the first step, we tested the stationarity of the series using the TAR panel unit root test. In the TAR panel unit root test, we found that the United Kingdom was the transition country whose per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions determined the switch from one regime to the other. The results showed that convergence existed in the first regime and divergence, in the second. When we tested whether absolute or conditional convergence existed, we found that the per capita CO₂ emissions were conditionally converging in the first regime.     

能源价格与中国碳排放量的调节

利用直接效用模型与岭回归分析方法,以1989—2009年的年度数据为样本,以能源价格为解释变量,碳排放量为被解释变量,能源消费、能源效率和经济发展为中间变量,初步探究能源价格波动对中国碳排放量的调节作用。结果表明：无论是能源价格变量单独作用还是与其他变量联合作用,能源价格都会对碳排放量产生不同程度的调节作用,调节程度的强弱主要取决于引入变量与碳排放量之间的相关性。     

基于减物质化的中国碳排放分析

了解经济发展与环境压力之间的关系,以及环境压力与其驱动因素间的关系是制订与调整各项环境政策,从而减少或缓解经济发展所带来环境压力的前提与基础.文章以当今学术界较为广泛认同的减物质化概念为基础,从理论上介绍了经济增长与环境压力之间的相互关系,并从废弃物排放的角度以二氧化碳排放总量表征环境压力,探讨了中国1952～2005年经济增长与环境压力之间的关系,即该阶段的去物质化发展状况,采用收入弹性分析了环境压力与其驱动因素间的关系,得出结论:1952～2005年间,中国经济平均每增长1%将使得碳排放增长0.75%,碳排放强度减少0.25%,环境压力增长2.21%,中国已经处干碳排放的相对减物质化阶段,但是状况尚不稳定,仍存在小幅度反弹的现象.     

我国能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的历史特征研究

过去50年是全球气候变暖最显著的50年,全球气候变化已经成为国际社会最为关注的问题。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,二氧化碳总排放量已经跃居世界第一,担负着减少二氧化碳排放,遏制全球气候变暖的重任。文章采用表观能耗估算法对我国大陆地区的历史能源消耗产生的二氧化碳排放清单进行了估算。研究结果显示,我国以煤为主的能源结构和经济发展优先的发展模式导致了我国巨大的二氧化碳排放量,虽然二氧化碳排放总量每年递增,但是单位GDP产生的二氧化碳排放强度却比较低,呈逐年递减的趋势,人均二氧化碳排放量水平相对发达国家也较低。文章研究结论为我国能源安全和生态环境的可持续发展提供了研究基础。     

中国省域二氧化碳排放量的空间自相关分析

相邻原则构造空间邻接矩阵,以全局自相关和局部自相关分析研究我国省域2000～2008年二氧化碳排放量空间差异性。全局空间自相关指数(Moran's I)统计值由2000年0.159增大到2001年0.202 9,后减小到2007年的0.197 9,继续减小到2008年的-0.034 9,趋势分析表明:中国省域碳排放量在2000～2007年之间存在空间正相关,且总体上呈减弱趋势,到2008年呈显著性很弱的负相关。对局部空间自相关指数分析确定了碳排放量的空间集聚模式及空间演变态势,其散点图揭示我国存在中东部碳排放量高而西部低的空间聚集现象。并对我国减少二氧化碳排放,走上低碳发展道路,实现全国经济健康、协调、可持续发展提出相关建议。     

Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia: A Minimum Disruption Approach

Abstract
While at the Toronto Conference in 1988, Australia adopted a target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 20 per cent of 1988 levels by the year 2005, however action to reduce emissions has been negligible. Unilateral action is deemed too costly in terms of the negative effects it could have on employment, GDP growth, exports and international competitiveness .
Most Australian studies have evaluated the effect on such variables of employing a specified policy instrument, such as a carbon tax, to reduce emissions. This study instead uses an input-output method developed by Proops, Faber and Wagenhals (1993) to ascertain the minimum set of changes necessary in different sectors of the economy required to achieve the Toronto Target, where constraints on key macroeconomic variables, such as GDP growth and the level of employment, are met. The cost of reducing emissions is defined here in terms of the required structural changes, when factors like GDP growth are held positive .
The results suggest that the necessary changes in various sectors under each of the scenarios are not far removed from the observed rates of change for Australia. The results are also consistent with those obtained for both Germany and the United Kingdom .     

基于IPAT公式的省际间碳排放驱动因素比较研究

现阶段深入研究我国各省区经济发展中碳排放增长的驱动因素,对有的放矢地制定减排政策,发展低碳经济和应对气候变化有着重要的理论和现实意义。基于IPAT公式,对1999—2008年我国各省区碳排放数据进行分析,结果显示近10年来各省区碳排放量均有增加,不同省区驱动因素的作用不同,多数省区单位GDP能耗和碳排放强度都出现下降的趋势,表明节能减排工作取得一定成效。但单位能源的碳强度出现增长趋势,加上我国正处在工业化和城市化的加速时期,具有对能源和碳排放的需求刚性,因此我国未来的减排工作依然充满挑战,藉此提出了开展碳减排的政策建议。     

我国各行业能源消耗与碳排放的灰色关联度分析

分析了我国农业、工业、建筑业、交通运输、仓储和邮政业、批发、零售和住宿、餐饮业、其他行业及生活消费(2000～2009年)的能源消耗与其所产生的碳排放的灰色关联度,根据灰色关联度的计算,找出了影响碳排放的关键能源因素,引入了含有趋势系数的灰色关联度,进一步分析了能源消耗增长率与碳排放增长率的关系,并给出了相应的政策建议,为我国各行业的低碳经济发展提供了参考。     

Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Korea and Japan and Its Transmission Via International Trade

We estimated total CO2 emissions of Japan and South Korea for 1990 using the familiar input-output model. The differences in CO2 emission between two countries are decomposed into their components, and effects of international trade on domestic CO2 emissions are analyzed for both countries. We show that, even though the absolute level of emission is much lower in South Korea than in Japan, total emission intensities are generally higher in the former. Korean exports to Japan are more emission intensive than the reverse, while exports of both countries to the rest of the world are more emission intensive than their bilateral trade. [F14]     

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the U.S. Economy: A Structural Decomposition Analysis

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of various influences on carbon dioxide emissions. It incorporates methodological refinements of input-output structural decomposition analysis, which is the examination of economic change by means of a set of comparative static variations in key parameters of I-O tables. The analysis is performed using a two-tiered KLEM model, which allows for estimation of substitution and technological change effects within and between input aggregates. The model is used to decompose the sources of change in CO₂ emissions in the U.S. over the 1972–82 timeframe using hybrid energy/value tables for the initial and terminal years. Results show the significant effect of substitution within the energy sector and between energy and other inputs as the leading causes of the decline in carbon dioxide emissions.     

中国工业行业经济增长与CO_2排放的脱钩效应

基于2000—2011年中国工业全部行业能源消费量,运用IPCC推荐的CO2计算方法,推算了中国工业全部行业2000—2011年间的CO2排放量,通过运用Tapio脱钩指标建立工业行业经济增长与CO2脱钩模型,测度了2000—2011年间中国工业全部行业以及分要素密集度行业的经济增长与CO2排放之间的脱钩关系及程度,分析了二者脱钩发展的时间演变趋势,结果表明,中国工业行业存在一定的脱钩效应,不同行业的脱钩指数差异较大,强脱钩行业呈现不断增加的趋势;不同要素密集度行业的脱钩状态表现出不同的发展特征,同劳动力密集型行业与资本技术密集型行业相比较,资源密集型行业的脱钩指数总体上处于较高状态。政府要充分利用税收、信贷等经济杠杆加大对企业在能源技术、新能源产品开发方面的支持力度,促进中国新能源产业的快速发展,从而从根本上减少碳排放,促进工业经济增长与碳排放的脱钩。     

中国二氧化碳排放影响因素实证研究综述

以指数分解法、计量经济分析法、可计算一般均衡方法三种方法为主线对中国二氧化碳排放影响因素的实证研究进行综述,发现现有研究存在理论模型适用性有待提高、研究方法的局限性、研究视角的单一性、研究变量的不一致性等问题,以期为后期研究提供一些参考。     

全球贸易隐含碳的核算及其地缘结构分析

文章基于GTAP国际投入产出数据,核算了全球不同国家或地区之间的贸易隐含碳量。结果表明:全球贸易隐含碳量巨大,占全球碳排放总量的1/4强;隐含碳流入、流出量存在明显区域差异,中国等金砖国家的净流出量较大,美国、欧盟等则净流入量较大;贸易隐含碳的大小存在特定的地缘结构,分化出三种类型的国家或地区集团,以金砖国家为代表的制造业国是中国在隐含碳问题上的主要谈判合作伙伴,低水平发展中国家反而不是中国的最佳谈判合作伙伴。     

Transport and CO2: Productivity Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the European Commercial Transport Industry

In the last decades transport activities persistently increased in the EU27 and were strongly coupled to growth in gross domestic product. Like most production processes, they are inevitably linked with the generation of environmentally hazardous by-products, such as CO₂ emissions. This leads to the question of how to promote a sustainable transport sector that meets both environmental protection targets and economic requirements. In this context, the objective of this paper is to compare the CO₂-sensitve productivity development of the European commercial transport industry for the period between 1995 and 2006. We calculate a Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index to investigate the effects of country-specific regulations on productivity and to identify innovative countries. Our results show a high variation in the CO₂-sensitive productivity development and a slight productivity decrease on average. Efficiency losses indicate that the majority of the countries were not able to follow the technological improvements induced by some innovative countries.