供应链的权力、契约、信任网络及其特征——基于社会网络分析

针对近年来供应链不再仅仅局限于企业内部或者某一链条上而是形成了企业间的供应链网络这种现象,基于理论演绎和社会网络分析,对供应链网络及其特征进行了探索性研究。首先基于格里菲提出的市场型、模块型、关系型、受制型、层级型治理结构模型,从社会网络角度对五种供应链治理结构的网络特征做了初步探索,进而构建了五种治理结构的交易网络和社会网络,其中社会网络又分为权力网络、契约网络和信任网络。通过分析发现,市场型治理结构的契约网络比较密集,关系型治理结构的信任网络比较密集,而层级型治理结构的权力网络比较密集。     

基于供应链竞争的企业网络治理路径

经济全球化下的企业竞争已经演变为供应链竞争,供应链网络成为企业参与全球化竞争的重要组织模式。由于供应链网络主体的异质性和供应链网络内外部环境的复杂多变性,供应链网络协作存在众多的不确定性因素,这直接影响到供应链网络信息传递与共享,导致供应链网络内耗,进而降低供应链整体效益。在供应链竞争环境下,基于长期契约与行为激励、资源互补与技术学习、信息创造与共享、个体承诺与群体惩罚相结合的利益、信息、能力和信任等企业网络治理路径,已成为供应链网络协作与提升供应链整体效益的重要保障。     

基于契约视角的供应链研究述评

激烈的市场竞争和多变的市场环境下,现代工商企业对供应链协同的要求越来越高。供应链契约就是有效整合供应链的一种办法,近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。文章以供应链研究的兴起为起点,首先探讨了供应链契约的内涵、本质和特征。提出一个简化的供应链契约模型后,对供应链契约的监督与激励机制的建设进行了回顾。     

基于心理契约视角分析领导与下属信任关系的演化博弈

受理性人格因素的影响,领导的心理契约策略与下属的信任策略选择之间呈现动态的博弈过程.基于此,运用演化博弈理论,将两者之间的心理契约分为交易型和关系型两类,把下属的信任选择策略分为信任与不信任两种,得到16种演化稳定策略,并对不同条件下的演化稳定策略进行分析.最后提出了建立不同心理契约类型下领导与下属的信任关系策略.     

大亚湾石化供应链协调的对策研究

大亚湾石化供应链协调是建立在石化产业特点和供应链现状的基础上的,主要针对该供应链存在的问题进行供应链协调.提出遵循"源结构"的石化供应链特点,发挥供应链核心企业在供应链协调中的主导作用;全面地从宏观层次到微观层次,建立包含了用户定制模式的供应链信息共享机制和基于企业信任的供应链契约机制的供应链协调机制.     

供应链协作信任生命周期影响因素研究

当前,供应链节点企业间普遍存在大量非信任行为,严重阻碍了供应链合作的有效发展。因此,供应链节点企业间的协作信任便成为一种稀缺资源,其价值性、难以模仿性和不可替代性,使得它对于提升供应链整体竞争力至关重要。基于此,文章提出并阐释供应链协作信任生命周期概念; 基于供应链协作信任生命周期,按照制度化信任、基于过程的持续信任和基于特征的持续信任的逻辑顺序,梳理国内外学者有关供应链协作信任影响因素研究文献,总结供应链协作信任影响因素研究的现状与特点; 最后,文章进一步展望了供应链协作信任未来研究方向。     

组织间心理契约对供应链联盟关系资本的影响

关系资本在供应链联盟关系构建中扮演着越来越重要的角色。关系资本是衡量企业间关系的一种社会心理因素,而组织间心理契约正是剖析关系本质的一种研究方法。文章将供应链联盟关系资本划分为企业信任、关系承诺和专有资产投入三个维度,并分析了组织间心理契约对供应链联盟关系资本三个维度的影响,从而得出了组织间心理契约对供应链联盟关系资本有正向影响的结论。     

企业网络形成与演变路径的社会性质视角分析

本文从社会制度结构层面中所嵌入的社会资本(信任类型)视角入手,探寻不同社会信任结构对企业网络组织外在形式的多样性特征与升级演进路径选择的作用机制及内在机理,得出结论:社会制度层面的信任关系与信任结构通过交易成本与治理机制途径,深刻影响乃至决定该社会经济体中企业网络组织的外在形式与升级演进路径。关系型信任偏向的社会结构适于发展企业集群与外包(下包)制类型的企业网络组织形式,而制度型信任偏向的社会结构有利于虚拟组织与战略联盟类型的企业网络组织形式。企业网络由低级形式向高级形式、低端产业向高端产业演进进程中,社会制度所内涵的社会资本与信用体系的变迁与构建是核心因素之一。     

威廉姆森契约关系的治理结构理论解析

本文先从"契约人"人性假设和交易属性两方面,阐述了治理结构存在的必要性;然后从刻划经济组织的属性第一个维度"契约"出发,分析了古典、新古典和关系型三类契约;最后根据"交易属性"中的资产专用性和交易频率的不同,为这三类契约形式匹配了四种治理结构形式:市场、三边、双边和统一治理.     

供应链契约与契约会计

约会计的发展使得某些具有“确定性”的未发生或未完成的交易可以在签约时进行确认。供应链企业之间为了降低成本和交易风险所签订的供应链契约是一种“帕雷托改进”,具有稳定性的特点。这为供应链契约所涉及的交易进行契确认提供了可能。但目前供应链契约的研究成果还无法为契约会计在供应链契约中的运用提供合理的分类标准。一、供应链契约及其特征供应链管理是对供应商、制造商、分销商、顾客等组成的网络中的物流、信息流、成本流(资金流)进行管理的过程。随着供应链所在网络在空间、时间等方面日益复杂,供应链管理面临的挑战之一就是如…     

Workfare,welfare, agency,and well-being

Workfare programs are state-instituted programs that require able-bodied persons with children of school age who wish to claim welfare payments to participate in job training programs, and, eventually, to enter the work force. The philosophy of workfare is based on the value of work and the goal of self-determination. However, as a mandatory program for welfare recipients, workfare requires of those recipients certain duties which, according to those who challenge workfare, interfere with the freedom to choose what one will do with one's life. Whether some form of workfare will be adopted as part of our national welfare system remains to be seen. What the debate about such a program suggests is that welfare, in itself, by ignoring the necessity of security and education for full human agency, neither satisfies basic needs nor prepares its recipients for any life other than that of dependency. With all its difficulties workfare nevertheless presents an alternative to welfare that, at least in theory, more closely identifies its purpose with the values of our society.     

Externalities, Indivisibility, Nonreplicability, and Agglomeration

In this paper we argue that the impact of external scale economies and diseconomies on city size is not nearly as clear-cut as it is tacitly believed in urban economics. Similarly, city-size distortions are not caused by externalities alone. Indivisibility and nonreplicability, which prevent establishing the “right” number of cities, may represent a source for city-size distortions which can be stronger than the standard resource misallocation resulting from external scale economies and diseconomies. It follows that a direct population dispersion policy is not just an inferior substitute to Pigouvian taxes and subsidies but rather a useful complement.     

Skills,core capabilities,and the choice between merging,allying, and trading assets

We analyze two firms’ choice between merging, allying, and trading assets. We consider a setting in which firms have assets, skills, and core capabilities; skills are the component of organizational capital that increases in the course of joint operations, core capabilities the component that does not. We find that the two firms trade assets for them to operate separately in case the two firms have high initial skills; the two firms merge in case they have similar core capabilities; they ally where there is little equilibrium double moral hazard. We compare the times to dissolution in the alliance with those to divesture or post-merger integration in the merger; for all but the last jointly operated asset, we find that joint operations cease earlier in the alliance than in the merger.     

Streets, Malls, and Supermarkets

We develop a model of competition between shopping centers, comparing competitive outcomes in three alternative modes of retail organization, namely: streets (in which neither developers or retailers internalize agglomeration effects between products); malls (in which developers internalize); and supermarkets (in which both developers and retailers internalize). For a fixed number of centers: (i) converting streets to malls intensifies developer (but not retailer) competition, which increases product range (i.e., the number of shops built by the developers) and consumer surplus, reduces profits, and has ambiguous effects on welfare; (ii) converting streets to supermarkets intensifies retailer and developer competition, has ambiguous effects on product range (number of shops), reduces profits, and increases social welfare. With free entry both conversions reduce the number of centers and, if there is excess entry, conversion to supermarkets (but not malls) unambiguously increases welfare.     

Profit,productivity, and profit-sharing

This study is an investigation of the effect of profit-sharing on labor productivity. When monitoring labor performance is costly for management, a regular wage/salary contract is insufficient to induce profit-maximizing behavior from the worker. The authors demonstrate that when this profit-maximizing behavior can be induced only through profit-sharing, a linear profit-sharing program will increase productivity and the welfare of both management and labor. The benefit from profit-sharing is increasing up to the point where the utility of additional income is offset by the negative utility of extraordinary effort (working harder or providing higher quality work). The income effect, i.e., the change in negative utility of extraordinary effort given a change in income, can potentially either increase or decrease the point at which the income-effort tradeoff-reaches zero.     

Packaging,business, and society

The objective of this paper is to present the impact of packaging material on sustainability. The article analyzes the size of the problem that arises from the use of packaging and the effect of various types of packaging material on waste management. The data on solid waste from the United States and the European Union reinforce that the problem is not only huge but also requires immediate attention. The research found that paying attention to packaging has the potential to improve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Reducing packaging in supply chains improves profitability for organizations, reduces environmental impact, and helps societies in lowering the cost of disposal. The cost of packaging materials and the costs of disposal and landfill, are borne by the end consumers. Suggested approaches to minimizing the generation of packaging waste include concerted efforts for reducing packaging throughout supply chains where elimination of packaging is not feasible, the formation of a global policy on the use and disposal of packaging materials, and educating consumers.     

Delegation, Committees, and Managers

Attempts to economize on decision-making time imply that groups of peers may delegate authority to a small committee of managers even though this means that the information and preferences of the uninvolved players are neglected. Decisions are more likely to be delegated to players with better information and more representative preferences. The possibility of ex post protests may force managers to take the preferences of others into account but may also give them incentives to ignore their private information. The argument may explain employees' willingness to let bosses decide, and thus throw some light on the theory of the firm.     

Indifference,indecision, and coin-flipping

This article operationalizes a non-empty relation as implied if strict preference and indifference jointly do not completely order the choice set. Specifically, indecision is operationalized as a positive preference for delegating choice to a least predictable device.