Deregulation, Mergers, and Cost Savingsin Class I U.S. Railroads, 1974-1986

In this paper we attempt to disentangle the effects of deregulation on rail costs from those directly attributable to mergers. We estimate that cost reductions obtained from mergers ranged from a high of 33% for the Burlington Northern to a low of a 3% cost increase for the CSX. However, firms not engaged in significant merger activities experienced similar cost differentials indicating that consolidation was not a prerequisite for cost savings. We conclude that although mergers did confer some benefits on the participating firms, they were not a prerequisite for railroads being able to achieve substantial cost savings.     

不同交易结构下并购的税收成本分析

财税〔2009〕59号文规定了并购特殊性税务处理及一般性税务处理的条件。自政策出台以来,经过了多年实践,但未有不同交易结构下并购的税收成本研究。论文从定量角度分析不同交易结构下并购的税收成本差异,当不考虑非税因素和满足一定的假设条件下,股份支付比例越高,税收成本越低,希望对并购的税收筹划有一定的指导作用。     

Beyond profitability: effects of acquisitions on technical efficiency in the Italian pasta industry

Unlike traditional studies on the impact of ownership changes—which use either profitability measures or stock prices—this paper investigates the impact of acquisitions on acquired firms' technical efficiency. Using a panel of Italian firms in the pasta industry for the 1981–1997 period, I estimate a stochastic production frontier with exogenous factors affecting efficiency in a translog specification with non‐neutral technical progress. The main result is that acquired firms experience, within the 6 years period following the acquisition, an increase in technical efficiency of the order of 10%. This result is statistically significant and proves to be robust with respect to the inclusion of size and calendar year effects as explanatory variables of firms' inefficiency. These findings contribute to the debate on the welfare gains of ownership changes by providing evidence that mergers and acquisitions lead to cost savings, due to the reduction of acquired firms' X‐inefficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of non-rural hospital mergers and acquisitions: An examination of cost and price outcomes

This paper examines the direct impact of urban horizontal hospital consolidations on hospital efficiency and prices. Specifically, we measure the extent of cost savings resulting from these consolidations and the extent to which these gains are passed on to consumers. A fixed effects model is tested with data consisting of 4160 unique hospitals, 125 of which were involved in mergers and 1040 in system acquisitions, for over a 10-year time period. We find that hospital consolidation may generate efficiency in some circumstances and some of these gains may be passed on to consumers, but the results are very sensitive to hospital ownership and governance and the structure of the market following the consolidation.     

企业并购中的财务风险控制研究

企业要想提升自身价值,提高综合竞争能力,企业并购是很好的一种方式。在我国市场经济发展中,企业并购有很多风险,但是企业并购的成本最终会影响财务风险。因此,我们来分析研究企业并购财务风险,找到合适的解决办法,对我国企业并购将有很大的帮助。     

我国企业并购的财务风险与控制

随着我国经济的高速发展,并购已经成为当前企业实现快速扩张、增强自身竞争力的一种策略,对于企业并购的相关研究也成为财务管理的一个重要内容。从以前很多的并购案例来看,由于有些企业忽视了并购的财务风险而最终导致失败。因此,对并购中财务风险的分析和管理有着重大的现实意义。本文通过对近年来我国企业并购的各项统计数据进行分析,阐述企业并购中财务风险的各种形成因素,并提出了相应控制财务风险的政策建议。     

To merge or not to merge: That is the question

In this paper we analyze the implementation of socially optimal mergers when the regulator is not informed about all parameters that determine social and private gains from potential mergers. We show that implementation requires a certain degree of agreement between social and private incentives. The most important example where this congruence is present is when the uncertainty refers to cost savings, because in this case society and firms want costs savings to be as high as possible. Then, it is possible to induce firms to truthfully reveal the costs savings induced by the merger.Received: 7 June 2001, Accepted: 14 June 2004, JEL Classification: D78, L13, L41This paper was presented at the First CODE meeting held in Barcelona, June 1997 and in seminars at the universities of Alicante, Caen, Carlos III, Bilbao, Complutense (Madrid) and Málaga. We would like to thank P. Amor ós, D. Cardona-Coll, P. Hammond, A. Lozano, C. Martinez, V. Merlin, D. Moreno, B. Moreno, D. Mookherjee, J. Naeve, P. Pereira, R. Renault, A. Snoy and F. Vega-Redondo for their useful comments. The authors are solely responsible for any remaining errors. They acknowledge financial support from CICYT BEC2002-02194, PB97-0120, BEC2001-0535 and the IVIE.     

石化企业成本控制策略分析

介绍了石化企业的成本特征,对石化行业进行了现状分析,找出我国石化行业成本存在的问题,并进行了成因分析,进而提出了石化企业能够通过实施并购策略、一体化策略、全球化策略来降低产品成本,以增强我国石化行业在市场的竞争力和控制力。     

企业并购中的财务风险与应对措施

随着经济形势成熟化的发展,中国的并购市场也得到了发展与壮大。但是,根据相关数据显示,我国企业并购的成功率与欧美等发达国家相比较,仍然还有一定的差距。伴随经济全球化发展,各大企业面临着越来越大挑战。一个企业如果想仅仅依靠自己的力量去开拓新领域,在新领域发展变得越来越困难。这时,企业并购给了这些企业希望,企业并购成为企业开拓新领域的一种新的方式。这也是最近几年企业并购在国内外兴起的重要原因。本文将对企业并购与风险进行介绍和分析,得出企业并购中存在的风险,分析各风险形成因素,提出合理的防范措施。     

The effect of mergers on firms’ costs: evidence from the HMO industry

We examine the effect of mergers on firms’ costs, using a national data set that contains information on both pre- and post-merger costs for firms in the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) industry. By utilizing data on all HMOs that operated in the United States from 1985 to 1997, we observe enough mergers to obtain estimates of both short-run and relatively permanent merger effects. On average, we do not find evidence that mergers allowed HMOs to realize greater economies of scale or that mergers improved efficiency by shifting the cost function. On the other hand, mergers between HMOs that produce Medicare and other products are likely to create dis-economies of scope that increase costs.     

我国文化企业跨区域并购应注意的问题研究

跨区域并购是我国文化企业做大做强的一个恰当的战略选择。文化企业具有意识形态性,边际成本递减、边际效用递增性,公众参与性和高衍生性四个特定属性。我国文化企业在跨区域并购时要考虑并购规划的周密性和目标企业信息完全性;要熟悉相关法规政策,促进人才整合,讲究并购绩效评价的综合性和长期性。     

频繁并购重组与异常审计收费

以2012—2017年A股上市公司为样本,采用异常审计费用衡量审计师对上市公司频繁并购重组的风险溢价,探究企业频繁并购重组与审计师风险溢价收费的关系,研究发现企业频繁并购重组会导致审计师风险溢价提高。从商誉和盈余管理角度探究其路径机制发现,商誉和真实盈余管理是频繁并购重组导致更高审计师风险溢价两个重要中介变量,而应计盈余管理并没有发挥中介作用,即频繁并购重组企业操纵利润的手段倾向于采用真实盈余管理,而非应计盈余管理。     

循证管理在跨国并购中的应用

在经济全球化的背景下,企业之间的并购重组成为突破企业发展瓶颈、提高企业经营能力的一种行之有效的方式。现阶段,我国并没有非常完善的并购理论,而并购中情况的复杂性也使依靠经验的传统管理方式很难发挥作用。为实现并购的有效进行,论文将循证管理的理念引入跨国并购理论中,分析并购中可能产生的风险,并以循证管理的角度给出解决方法,为并购理论提供新的完善思路。     

浅析半导体行业内企业并购动因

国内外半导体公司在本世纪展开了并购重组潮,希望通过并购带来的规模和领导力在半导体市场上获胜。本文从经济学中关于企业并购的不同角度分析,对半导体行业内的企业并购行为受规模经济,协同效应,产业集群效应等的影响进行大概的分析。     

并购交易特征与并购绩效——基于后股权分置时代中国上市公司的经验数据

本文基于后股权分置时代中国资本市场的制度背景,选取以上市公司为并购主体的并购交易为样本,研究了并购交易特征对企业并购短期绩效的影响。研究结论表明,采取现金支付的并购绩效高于股票支付的并购绩效;股权收购的并购绩效高于资产收购的并购绩效;并购交易相对规模与并购绩效负相关;同行业并购有利于并购绩效的提升。本文的研究结论既可以为证券市场提高资源配置效率提供重要依据,也可以为规范我国上市公司的并购行为提供重要参考,同时还可以为投资者和并购参与者提供经验认识。     

The Transition from Strategic Technology Alliances to Mergers and Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study

This paper studies a number of research topics derived from the basic question: do interfirm alliances change into mergers and acquisitions as companies that were previously co-operating become integrated? The analysis is limited to the group of strategic technology alliances, i.e. those interfirm agreements for which joint technology development or technology sharing is part of the agreement. The paper first explores the literature that refers to the possible transition from strategic technology alliances to mergers and acquisitions. Based on this we formulate a number of hypotheses regarding the change in modes of governance and several dimensions of this process related to the international distribution of transformed alliances, their industry specificity, the size of firms, and the distribution of contractual and equity agreements. The major finding of our research is that the transformation from strategic technology alliance to merger and acquisition hardly ever takes place. This suggests that alliances and mergers and acquisitions are not part of a rather smooth continuum but they are first of all different modes of governance where one mode certainly does not lead to the other     

Mergers and Acquisitions, Human Resource Issues and Outcomes: A Review and Suggested Typology*

The article has three aims. First, it reviews recent research on corporate mergers and acquisitions and their impact on human resource issues. Second, it proposes a framework for classifying mergers and acquisitions. Finally, it provides some research questions for examining merger types, human resource management issues and major outcomes.     

民营企业跨国并购战略的制度创业过程研究

本研究采用案例研究方法,通过对中国林德集团收购德国帕西姆机场过程的分析,探索了新兴市场企业在成熟市场跨国并购过程中通过制度创业实现资源整合从而创造竞争优势的过程。本研究从制度视角探索了跨国并购的制度创业动因、机制和资源整合路径。突破了以往基于成熟市场的交易成本理论和组织学习理论通过股东收益和组织学习能力获取的传统跨国并购理论认识范式。研究发现,制度环境会影响组织通过制度创业建构合法性从而获得竞争优势资源;企业决策者的创业意愿和能力会影响企业制度创业成果;决策者意愿和能力与制度环境的互动机制影响制度创业效率;企业场域位势的嵌入程度较低以及处于业务和制度边界交界地带的企业,会实施制度创业改变企业的场域位势;企业通过制度创业跨越制度障碍形成的合法性成为企业新的竞争优势资源。     

Strategies for Technological Innovation with Learning and Adaptation Costs

This paper attacks the problem of developing strategies for a firm to deal with technological change. We show that the product market strategies of the firm—including pricing, product positioning, and rent preemption strategies—can play a role in the efficient search for technology-related information when information search is costly and there are adaptation costs due to the presence of agency. We utilize a dynamic model of spatial competition with uncertain technological innovations in which firms can learn from each other about technological developments. Private information and agency conflicts are shown to increase the effective information search costs of incumbents, who then use interfirm learning to their advantage in equilibrium. This viewpoint also allows us to see the role of mergers and acquisitions, subsidiary formation, and internal R&D labs in a new light. The more general point is that organizational structures and, in particular, the differential distribution of information within the organization impose constraints on the information-search and adaptation strategies of the firm, and the formulation of product-market and R&D strategies serves to relax these constraints.     

Mergers to Monopoly

Horizontal mergers between firms that have different costs are examined. Owners can transfer technology to an acquired firm and decide whether to consolidate or operate their firms as separate entities in the product market. Thus mergers can exhibit both efficiencies and a market-power effect. The prices of target firms are determined via a bargaining game. An equilibrium sequence of mergers entails the largest firm targeting the next largest rival firm. Initially, this sequence of mergers with technology transfers involves no consolidations and improves welfare. Ultimately, the acquisitions lead to consolidation and may decrease total welfare.