驰名商标保护之商标淡化行为的法律规制

商标权保护是以防止商标混淆为基础的;驰名商标不仅有识别商品或服务来源的作用,更是承载着企业的商誉,驰名商标权的保护不仅要防止商标混淆,还要防止驰名商标的淡化。我国尚未形成健全的保护驰名商标的法律体系,明确对商标淡化行为的界定、尊用范县、损害赔偿等等显得尤为迫切。     

完善我国驰名商标反淡化保护立法的建议

本文提出了完善我国驰名商标反淡化保护立法的建议,即我国商标法应该引入驰名商标反淡化保护理论,明确商标反淡化保护;改变现有立法模式,将驰名商标反淡化保护纳入商标法体系中;具体制度方面也应该加以充实。     

驰名商标的反淡化保护

商标淡化是通过将驰名商标用于非竞争性的商品,以至逐渐消磨或分散其识别性,破坏商标在公众心目中的印象的侵权行为。淡化行为主要有弱化、丑化、退化等表现形式,具有极大的危害性。因此,驰名商标的淡化行为受到世界各国的关注,但对反淡化的保护却大相径庭,采取的保护模式各不相同。笔者认为,我国应结合国外有关反淡化的立法经验,改善我国驰名商标反淡化保护的现状。     

试论驰名商标的反淡化

商标淡化作为侵犯驰名商标的重要形式,在实践中对驰名商标造成了重大的损害,因此对驰名商标的淡化的基本方式予以必要的研究将对防范驰名商标的淡化起到重大的作用,本文的意义正在于此.     

论驰名商标淡化及反淡化保护

本文通过分析我国驰名商标反淡化保护的有关法律规定及现状，指出了商标反淡化保护在理论研究和立法上的不足，并提出了完善我国淡化保护制度的若干建议。     

论商标淡化行为

商标因其具有显著的识别来源功能而且具有极大的商业价值,然而这一价值现在却越来越频繁的受到侵害。淡化,就是侵害驰名商标的一种主要形式,本文拟就商标淡化合理性、合法性与淡化行为的构成略述管窥之见,并就立法与完善提出自己的意见。     

论驰名商标反淡化保护的限制

随着知识产权保护的国际化和驰名商标的数量急剧上升,越来越多的国家开始重视驰名商标的反淡化保护,从立法上防止驰名商标的淡化(弱化、丑化、退化).但是我们也应该看到,对驰名商标的持有人保护的同时,也应兼顾其他人的利益.本文则从另一个角度,提出了对驰名商标的反淡化保护亦应有一定的限制.文章对这三种形式的反淡化限制问题进行了论述,指出驰名商标不应以反弱化为借口损害其他商标的在先权利,驰名商标应允许他人合理使用;对驰名商标的正当对比广告和正当的滑稽模仿不应被认为是丑化;驰名商标退化进入通用领域不应再保护从而对反退化保护的进行限制.     

我国商标反淡化保护制度的建立与完善

本文在借鉴其他国家商标反淡化保护成功经验的基础上，提出了建立与完善我国商标反淡化保护制度的具体构想，即在制定专门的反淡化保护法律法规的条件还不成熟时，可以在商标法和反不正当竞争法中对有关反淡化的内容做出较为详细的规定，不仅要给驰名商标反淡化保护，对于有一定知名度的商标，也要给予反淡化保护。     

论驰名商标反淡化保护的限制

随着知识产权保护的国际化和驰名商标的数量急剧上升,越来越多的国家开始重视驰名商标的反淡化保护,从立法上防止驰名商标的淡化(弱化、丑化、退化)。但是我们也应该看到,对驰名商标的持有人保护的同时,也应兼顾其他人的利益。本文则从另一个角度,提出了对驰名商标的反淡化保护亦应有一定的限制。文章对这三种形式的反淡化限制问题进行了论述,指出:驰名商标不应以反弱化为借口损害其他商标的在先权利,驰名商标应允许他人合理使用;对驰名商标的正当对比广告和正当的滑稽模仿不应被认为是丑化;驰名商标退化进入通用领域不应再保护从而对反退化保护的进行限制。     

驰名商标淡化的界定与反淡化保护对策

对驰名商进行有效保护倍受社会各界关注,我国应尽快研究驰名商标的淡化及其反淡化保护问题。本文从驰名商标淡化的界定出发,阐述了驰名商标淡化的表现形式,在借鉴国外驰名商标反淡化模式和制度设计的基础上,提出了完善驰名商标反淡化保护的理论体系和法律制度建设等驰名商标反淡化保护的对策。     

我国驰名商标反淡化的问题及完善对策

我国《商标法》第十三条并没有提及“淡化”两字,但结合法释〔2009〕3号《最高人民法院关于审理涉及驰名商标保护的民事纠纷案件应用法律若干问题的解释》第九条的规定,人们认为商标法第十三条第三款是对淡化的规定,但这样使得混淆和淡化在现有的法律依据下很难区分。在商品经济飞速发展的现在,有必要在法律条文和体系上对混淆和淡化做出区分,对于商标反淡化适用的范围进行确定,才能对商标权进行新观念上的全面、系统的保护。     

论商标平行进口

商标平行进口是一个与知识产权有关的贸易问题。一方面,它涉及知识产权权利人利益的保护问题;另一方面,它与贸易自由化、消费者权益保护问题密切相关。随着经济全球化进程的加快,我国的进出口贸易中将越来越多地出现平行进口问题,应以TRIP协定的相关规定为目标和准则推进我国平行进口问题的研究,完善我国的商标立法。     

Marking your trade: Cultural factors in the prolongation of trademarks

Trademarks protecting the brand name and associations are crucial in a brand's strategy, but little is known about the factors that determine a trademark's prolongation. To explain the prolongation of trademarks, the research estimated a multilevel hazard model accounting for trademark characteristics, firm's characteristics, and firm's country of origin national culture. The dataset comprises a census of 2911 trademarks in the US software security industry across an eight-year period, belonging to firms originating from 11 countries. The results indicate that a firm's culture of origin has a systematic effect on the types of trademark the firm is more likely to prolong and on the length of the prolongation. The age of the trademark, the number of categories where a particular trademark is present, and the age of the firm increase the likelihood of a trademark's prolongation. Larger and more innovative firms tend to terminate their trademarks earlier.     

TRIPS协定下的非传统商标注册义务

TRIPS协定第15条第一次在国际层面上采取宽泛的方式对商标进行了定义——任何标记或标记的组合,只要能够将一企业的商品和服务区别于其他企业的商品或服务,即能够构成商标。该定义没有限制可以构成商标的标记的类型,仅仅关注标记是否具有显著性。虽然TRIPS协定采取的宽泛定义以及非穷尽性的列举方式为非传统商标的保护提供了广阔的法律空间,实践中仍然存在很多理论问题需要明晰:TRIPS协定保护的非传统商标类型、各国注册保护非传统商标义务的性质、TRIPS协定下非传统商标注册义务的例外情况、我国非传统商标保护义务现状和改革需要。     

浅析孙子兵法对企业公关的指导作用

《孙子兵法》是我国古代优秀的军事瑰宝,如今已被广泛应用于商界。众所周知,商场如战场。公共关系作为一种管理活动,产生于西方最发达的国家——美国,但中国的孙子兵法同样对公共关系提供了基本的指导思想和行动指南,企业的公关人员将古代的兵法哲理与现代先进的技术结合起来策划公关活动,定将收到不同一般的效果。     

Patents,Copyrights, and Trademarks in the Early Twenty-First Century: The New Relevance of Some Old Concepts of Intellectual Property Rights

SUMMARY

After laying an historical foundation of the concept of “promonopoly” legislation in the face of a U. S. public policy devoted, since 1890, to a generally antimonopoly position, this paper examines the relevance of recent changes in the three types of domestic promonopoly law: patent law, copyright law, and trademark law. During the last thirty years of the twentieth century, and especially during the last decade of that period, all three aspects of American promonopoly legislation were strengthened. The term of copyright was extended from a maximum of fifty-six years to the lifetime of the last-living author of a work plus seventy years and coverage was broadened to extend to recordings-by a number of means-of performances; patents were lengthened in duration from seventeen years to twenty; and the law of trademarks was modified to include protection for trademark holders against “dilution,” or loss of value of trademarks due to the acts of noncompetitors. The implications and rationales of these changes are examined in the context of their effect on business life at the beginning of the third millennium. While it is too soon since the majority of these changes in law went into effect to draw definitive conclusions concerning their ultimate consequences, it does appear that, in general, their thrust is to increase the value of intellectual property to its proprietors.     

Trade liberalisation and domestic brands: Evidence from China's accession to the WTO

In this paper, we examine how trade liberalisation affects firms' branding behaviours. We investigate this question with China's accession to the WTO in late 2001. We find that firms in sectors with large import tariff reductions discontinue more trademarks. Meanwhile, these firms file more trademark applications and their total number of effective trademarks increases after trade liberalisation. This growth in trademarks is mainly driven by large firms, as measured by the number of employees. In fact, small firms' applications and effective trademarks decline during trade liberalisation. It is also found that trademark applications are mainly filed for the traditionally non-dominant products of industries. We provide a conceptual model that incorporates the channels through which both passive and active responses occur.     

我国商标在国外被抢注的分析与对策

在国际市场上,我国很多知名企业商标遭到国外公司或个人的抢注,给我国企业带来巨大的恶劣影响。商标在国外被抢注,是由于我国企业商标国际化注册意识薄弱和对商标产权保护意识薄弱,以及对国外法律不了解造成的。为了防范商标国外被抢注,我国企业必须采取相关措施进行防范。     

Measurement of innovation activities in the knowledge-intensive services industry: a trademark approach

Innovation measurement in the knowledge-intensive services (KIS) industry is very complex, due to a lack of adequate innovation indicators. A rather new empirical approach involves the analysis of trademarks for the measurement. This paper aims to explore the use and relevance of trademarks for service firms. Data from the German section of the ‘Community Innovation Survey’ are used, and a survey with 278 participating firms is conducted. The results of the two independent empirical studies demonstrate that a trademark can be used as an innovation indicator, at least for knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) and product innovations. The results also illustrate which firm-inside and environmental features explain the use of trademarks as an intellectual property protection measure.     

THE MEANING OF MARKET EFFICIENCY

Fama defined an efficient market as one in which prices always “fully reflect” available information. This paper formalizes this definition and provides various characterizations relating to equilibrium models, profitable trading strategies, and equivalent martingale measures. These various characterizations facilitate new insights and theorems relating to efficient markets. In particular, we overcome a well‐known limitation in tests for market efficiency, i.e., the need to assume a particular equilibrium asset pricing model, called the joint‐hypothesis or bad‐model problem. Indeed, we show that an efficient market is completely characterized by the absence of both arbitrage opportunities and dominated securities, an insight that provides tests for efficiency that are devoid of the bad‐model problem. Other theorems useful for both the testing of market efficiency and the pricing of derivatives are also provided.