外国直接投资、人力资本与经济增长:来自中国的数据

在利用中国的数据(1979-2003年)检验外国直接投资对中国经济增长的效应中,我们发现,单单用外国直接投资作为中国经济增长的解释变量,回归的结果非常糟糕;当我们相继控制了每年的实际投资、人力资本变量之后,回归的结果逐步好转起来。在外国直接投资对中国经济增长的效应中,国内投资以及人力资本起着相当重要的作用。利用VECM回归我们发现,外国直接投资的增长效应集中在短期,人力资本则有明显的长期效应。进一步地,我们对外国直接投资与各项人力资本指标进行VAR回归发现新增劳动力中大学毕业生对外国直接投资的影响比较显著,比较高级的人力资本才是吸引外国直接投资的重要原因。因此人力资本政策应该成为中国增长政策的核心。     

人力资本投资与中国经济增长

人力资本是现代经济增长与发展的源泉和根本动力。增加人力资本投资,提高人力资源质量,已成为各国促进经济发展的重要手段。从中国经济增长的制约和促进因素看,人力资本作为生产要素,对经济增长具有决定作用,人力资本投资在我国经济增长具有战略意义。我国要采取加大人力资本投资力度,促进经济增长的政策与措施     

基于人力资本分布方差的中国国民经济生产函数研究

由于存在劳动力剩余,用就业总量和反映人力资本积累规模的数量指标均难以有效解释中国经济增长。因此,本文用质量指标替代数量指标,选取全部就业人员中具有高中(含职业教育)至大学本科阶段学历者受教育水平的分布方差来测度人力资本,并构建相应的国民经济生产函数,解释中国1997—2009年间的产出增长。研究结果表明:本文提出的方法是有效的,当前中国人力资本投资的边际产出效果高于实物资本投资,职业教育的边际产出贡献高于高等教育。     

人力资本与经济增长研究——基于甘肃的实证分析

运用"岭回归"法估算了物质资本、人力资本和人力资本水平对甘肃省经济增长的贡献,并建立VEC模型和脉冲响应函数对甘肃人力资本、人力资本水平和物质资本与经济增长的关系进行了动态分析,结果表明,甘肃经济自身具有一定的稳定性,当系统受到冲击偏离长期均衡时,会自动恢复到均衡状态,但其自身的调整速度很慢,仅为1.7%;初期来看,人力资本对甘肃经济增长的影响作用要小于物质资本投资对甘肃经济增长的影响;长期来看,人力资本对甘肃经济增长的影响作用更为持久.     

浅析中国人力资本与经济增长的关系

人力资本是现代经济增长与发展的源泉和根本动力.增加人力资本投资、提高人力资源质量,已成为各国促进经济发展的重要手段.本文通过分析人力资本对经济增长的贡献,以及目前我国人力资本发展的现状,针对目前人力资本投资和发展中存在的问题,提出了强化人力资本投资促进经济增长的政策与措施.     

健康人力资本推动经济增长的对策

健康人力资本作为人力资本的重要组成部分,和教育人力资本一样是人力资本的重要要素,健康可以提高个人的劳动生产率,是促进经济增长的重要投资,对政府进行社会资源再分配有着重要的政策意义。文章论述了健康人力资本推动经济增长的对策。     

基础设施投资、人力资本积累与农业经济增长

本文利用1985-2010年的年度数据,通过构建包含基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入的生产函数对农业经济增长的影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明,人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济增长起到积极的促进作用,而基础设施投资阻碍了农业经济的增长;基础设施投资、人力资本积累和私人资本投入对农业经济的影响在短期内并不显著;从长期来看,人力资本积累对农业经济的影响最大。本文提出今后的农业政策应该合理配比财政支农资金,促进农民收入增长,以实现农业长期、稳定和可持续的发展。     

中山市人力资本对经济增长影响的实证分析

本文运用有效劳动的柯布—道格拉新生产函数模型,回归分析了中山市经济增长与人力资本的相关关系,提出了改善人力资本结构和提高人力资本水平的政策建议.     

基于人力资本视角的甘肃省高等教育与经济增长关系分析

基于人力资本视角,运用回归分析法,通过实证分析,定量研究了1990年至2005年甘肃省通过高等教育培养出的人力资本对经济增长的产出弹性以及对促进经济增长的作用。计量分析结果表明高等教育在甘肃省经济增长中具有重要地位,因此,加大教育投资,以迅速改善并提高人力资源的现状与层次,从而大大增强从业人员中人力资本总存量,是保持甘肃国民经济快速稳定增长的根本动力。     

人力资本对我国农业经济发展影响的实证研究

发展经济学原理指出,农业是关系到国计民生的重要产业发展与人力资本投资密切相关。近年来,我国政府对农村地区进行了力的扶持,尤其是对农村人力资本进行了投资。根据我国1990～2010年时间序列数据建立人力资本增长模型,对我国农村人力资本在农业经济增长中的作用进行实证研究。分析结果表明:农村人力资本是农业经济增长的重要源泉,对农业经济发展有着显著的正向推动效应。据此,提出了促进农村人力资本形成的几点建议。     

人力资本投资结构与经济增长——基于包含教育资本、健康资本的内生增长模型理论研究

文章针对已有的关于人力资本投资的理论研究往往只关注于人力资本投资数量而忽视人力资本投资结构的现状,把教育和健康看作两种资本,分析了人力资本投资结构的具体构成形式。假设人力资本由教育资本和健康资本按照Cobb-Douglas生产技术形式组合生成,在扩展MRW模型的基础上,文章构建了一个内生经济增长模型。分析结论表明人力资本投资结构制约着经济增长,人力资本投资结构和数量(存量)都对经济产生重要影响。     

Powering economic growth and development in Africa: telecommunication operations

This study investigates the effect of telecommunication operations on economic growth and development in selected African countries. The analysis considers a panel of 46 African countries from 2000 to 2015. To measure economic growth, real gross domestic product serves as the proxy, while economic development is measured by the Human Development Index, and telecommunication operations by a composite index of telecommunication computed from mobile line, fixed/CDM line and Internet access penetration via principal component analysis. The physical capital stock is measured by gross fixed capital formation, level of employment by the employment to population ratio, human capital development by enrolment in secondary education for both sexes and technology transfer by net inflows of foreign direct investment in Africa. The empirical results suggest that telecommunication operations promote economic growth and development in Africa. These results imply that for every positive expansion in telecommunication operations and physical capital stock, aggregate output and standard of living will adjust positively in Africa. Thus, an appropriate policy to improve overall investment in Africa and most especially in the telecommunication sector since the spillover effect cut across other sectors and the general economic performance.     

人口老龄化、公共人力资本投资与 经济增长*

本文利用内生化老龄化的世代交叠模型,探讨了老龄化社会中为了促进经济增长可选择的公共人力资本投资的最优相对规模和结构。本文研究表明,公共人力资本投资相对规模（即占GDP比例）和公共健康支出占比（即占公共人力资本投资比例）均与经济增长呈倒U型关系,且最优值通过老龄化对经济增长的作用表现出来。即当老龄化对经济增长有促进（抑制）作用时,政府促进经济增长的政策是提高（降低）人力资本投资相对规模和公共健康支出占比。基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究发现,老龄化不利于经济增长,公共人力资本投资相对规模及公共健康支出占比偏大,均处在倒U型曲线的下降阶段,分别通过挤出对经济增长更具促进作用的私人投资、公共物质资本投资和公共教育支出而不利于经济增长。本文的政策含义是,政府需提高公共教育支出占比,引导和鼓励更有效率的社会私人资本进行人力资本投资,以逐步降低公共人力资本投资的相对规模。当前公共物质资本投资则需继续加强。     

EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT-THE CANADIAN CASE*

This study assesses the relationship of education and economic growth, economic development and economic progress in aggregate, in structural and in micro-economic terms on the basis of one hundred years of Canadian experience. Education is considered as a factor of input. The contribution made by knowledge resulting from additional education expands the capacity to produce, and increases the demand for goods and services and the desire for greater leisure. The dual function of education is stressed: the demand and supply effect. Education is examined both as a cause and a consequence of economic growth, economic development and economic progress, through its contribution to the quality of the labour force, earning capacity, both individual and national, productivity, the rate of economic growth and the character of economic development. The Canadian experience suggests that educational progress generally occurred in line with economic development during the first eight decades, with the real take-off in educational advancement only occurring in the last two decades, when the nation reached the stage of technological maturity and high mass-consumption. Among the reasons for the lower ratio of gross national product devoted to education in the first eight decades were the low priority attached to education, the emphasis on investment in physical capital because of its shorter pay-off period than investment in human capital, and the heavy reliance on a substantial flow of immigrants who had obtained their education and training abroad. A distinct change occurred, however, in the last two decades, partly as a result of new technological challenges and partly as the result of changes in private and public attitudes, as the recognition of the rewards of education in terms of individual advancement and social progress led to a greater willingness to devote an increasing proportion of the nation's resources to investment in human capital, long pay-off periods notwithstanding.     

人力资本对湖南经济增长贡献的实证研究

人力资本正逐步取代物质资本和劳动,成为经济增长的关键因素。通过构建以科布一道格拉斯生产函数为基础的计量经济模型,定量分析了人力资本在湖南经济发展中的作用,并对人力资本的作用进行了省际间的横向比较,得出结论：人力资本虽对湖南经济增长发挥着积极作用,但其作用机制不如北京和广东两地强。因此,建议通过增加教育经费投入、强化人才吸纳机制等措施提高湖南人力资本存量。     

Public Investment and Economic Growth in Latin America: an Empirical Test

The paper analyzes the impact on economic growth of public investment spending and other relevant variables (such as human capital) for nine major Latin American nations over the 1983–93 period. The results suggest that both public and private investment spending contribute to economic growth. Overall central government consumption expenditures, on the other hand, are found to have a negative effect on private investment and growth. Finally, public expenditures on education and healthcare are found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on private capital formation and long–term economic growth. From a policy standpoint, the results suggest that indiscriminate cuts in public and private investment spending are likely to be counterproductive in the long run, and more importantly, scarce public expenditures should be channeled to the promotion of new human capital (via primary and secondary education) and the maintenance of existing human capital (through healthcare expenditures).     

Parental nurturing and adverse effects of redistribution

This paper suggests that if parental nurturing is a dominating force in human capital formation then income redistribution may not promote economic growth. In particular, if, consistently with empirical evidence, parental human capital complements investment in a child’s education and yields increasing returns in the intergenerational production of human capital, income redistribution may have an adverse impact on the growth rate of average human capital. Redistribution shifts resources towards the less educationally-productive families and thus in the presence of credit markets imperfections and increasing returns, it reduces the aggregate level of investment in human capital. Moreover, if the degree of increasing returns is sufficiently large to produce sustained growth, this adverse effect on human capital formation may outweigh the conventional beneficial effects of redistribution that arises from the interaction between a production technology exhibiting diminishing returns and credit market imperfections.     

教育人力资本、健康人力资本与地区经济增长差异——基于中国省际面板数据的实证研究

在M-R-W增长模型框架下,将人力资本的内涵扩展至教育和健康两个方面。用教育收益率修正了教育人力资本指标,而健康则主要从投入角度加以测度。应用传统的固定效应模型和动态面板模型(DGMM)估计教育人力资本、健康人力资本对地区经济差异的影响。结果显示,人力资本促使全国省际间人均GDP增长出现明显的"俱乐部"收敛现象,而三大地区内部的经济增长则表现出条件收敛趋势。从教育人力资本产出弹性可以看出,东部地区经济增长的驱动力正从物质资本向人力资本方向转变。以每万人拥有床位数代表的健康人力资本促进了全国及区域范围内的经济增长。     

人力资本投资对经济增长的影响--以河南与全国对比为例

有关一国或地区经济增长中人力资本投资的作用,学术界早已有所认识,当前的问題是如何把人力资本投资对经济增长的影响用定量的形式表现出来,其中变量参数的选择已成为理论界研究的重点。本文以人力资本存量为主要参数,通过构建模型,与全国进行对比分析,发现河南人力资本投资对经济增长的贡献远低于物质资本投资对经济增长的贡献,人力资本投资与物质资本投资缺乏规模经济性,人力资本投资促进经济增长的潜力较大。为使河南经济社会走上可持续发展道路,必须确立科学的发展观,加快以实物资本投资为主向人力资本投资与物质资本投资相协调方向转变,只有这样,才能高质量地实现河南在中原崛起。