中国私营企业银行贷款的经验研究

本文利用对我国私营企业的调查数据研究影响私营企业获得银行贷款难易程度的因素。我们发现,私营企业在财产权受到侵蚀和面临政策歧视的情况下获得银行贷款比较困难,此外,私营企业主对私有财产权的自我保护有助于私营企业获得银行贷款。我们还发现,在借贷双方的信息不对称和借款方道德风险问题得到较好解决的情况下,私营企业比较容易得到贷款。     

银行关系、政治联系与民营企业贷款——来自中国民营上市公司的经验证据

本文以1990-2008年间非金融类民营上市公司为样本,检验银行关系和政治联系是否影响银行贷款。研究结果发现,那些聘请了现在或曾经在银行工作的人士担任总经理或董事的企业能够获得更多的银行贷款。但是,在没有银行关系的民营企业中,政治联系并不能促进企业获得更多的银行贷款。同时建立政治联系和银行关系的企业也没有能够比只建立其中一种关系的企业获得更多的银行贷款。这些结论表明,在中国基于非正式的关系确实可以给受到融资约束的民营企业带来银行贷款方面的融资便利。其中,银行关系相对于政治联系是一种更为普遍和有效的非正式关系。     

银行关系、政治关联与上市公司银行贷款的可获得性——基于我国上市公司的实证分析

以2001—2011年我国2373家上市公司为研究样本,检验了政治关联和银行关系对其银行贷款可获得性的影响。研究结果显示:对于所有的上市企业而言,政治关联和银行关系均有助于增强其银行贷款的可获得性,但同时具有两种关系反而不利于企业获得银行贷款;对于国有企业而言,建立政治关联或银行关系均有利于其获得长期贷款,但对短期贷款的获得没有显著影响;对于民营企业而言,政治关联有利于其获得长期借款,银行关系能显著增强其获得短期贷款的能力。     

我国农业上市公司的政治关联与融资便利性

本文以社会资本理论为切入点，实证分析政治关联对我国农业上市公司获取银行信贷融资及其期限结构的影响。以1996—2010年间在沪深两地上市的农业企业为样本，以董事长是否现在或曾经担任政府官员、人大代表、政协委员来判断政治关联。检验结果发现，农业上市公司的政治关联与银行贷款数量显著正相关；政治关联所带来的融资便利性，更多表现为获取银行的短期贷款。研究表明，政治关联作为一种特殊的社会资本，能够作为非正式制度帮助农业企业获得银行信贷支持。     

Financing R&D in Chinese private firms: Business associations or political connection?

Using a new and unique dataset of Chinese private firms, this paper explores how private firms access bank loans to finance innovative activities. The results reveal that political connection, rather than membership in a government-controlled business association, largely determines private firms' innovations by providing access to bank loans. Furthermore, the “grease-the-wheels” mechanism of political connection is stronger if the firms are more constrained financially, located in regions with low levels of financial development, or located in regions with relatively under-developed institutional environments. Finally, cash flow, used to measure internal financing, and trade credit, used to measure informal financing, are important alternative financing channels and support firms' R&D investments. Our paper implies that China's government needs to continue fostering a good financing environment and supporting innovation activities.     

Product diversification and bank risk: evidence from South Asian banking institutions

ABSTRACT

We investigate whether the product diversification activities of South Asian banking institutions have led to an increase or decrease in their solvency and profit risks. Using the data of five countries – India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka – for the period 2000–2016, we analyse the effect of both income and assets diversification activities on the Z-score and SDs of ROA (Return on Assets) and ROE Return on Equity). Among income diversification activities, securities trading income has a significant positive influence on bank risk while other categories have no influence. With respect to assets diversification, non-interest-bearing assets and loans given to government were found to have a significant positive influence on bank risk, while mortgage loans and non-classified loans have opposite influences. However, the impacts of securities trading income and loans given to the government are mainly confined to private sector banks and state-owned banks, respectively. We also uncover some country-specific diversification influences on the above relationships.     

银行风险、贷款规模与法律保护水平

本文根据更加全面的中国银行业数据,首先研究了法律保护水平和银行风险(Z值)之间的关系;其次,分析了影响银行风险的中间途径,研究了法律保护水平和贷款规模之间的关系;最后,对法律保护水平和银行风险(Z值)各组成部分之间的关系进行了讨论。研究发现,法律保护水平越高(尤其是对知识产权的保护),银行信贷规模越大,银行经营业绩也越高,但银行的资本充足率较低,最终导致银行风险上升(Z值较低)。本文结论说明:法律制度的建设和完善以及加强对银行资本的监管等具有重要意义。     

防范民间借贷风险的对策选择

当前民间借贷风险爆发已经引起全社会的高度关注,且业内外判断本轮民间借贷必有部分资金来自银行贷款。本文结合理论研究、银行信贷管理经验并经过深入调研,认为本轮民间借贷潮中,银行资金流入民间市场更多的是个人贷款资金直接流入或通过借款人投资的小贷公司、担保公司曲线流入形成的,而缺乏严格的个人贷款额度测算管理造成过度授信是问题的根源,进而本文提出解决的途径须从两方面入手:一是监管部门加强个人贷款额度的测算监管;二是商业银行完善个人贷款额度测算管理。     

中国国有企业不良负债的实证分析

90年代以来 ,随着金融市场化推进和宏观经济的波动 ,中国的银行系统出现了严重的不良资产问题。国有企业使用全国银行 80 %以上的贷款 (中国人民银行 ,1 997)。国有企业不良负债数量较多 ,是造成金融风险增大及宏观经济波动的重要原因。本文根据抽样调查数据对国有企业不良负债做出估测 ,对不良负债的形成原因提出经验证据 ,并对解决不良负债的政策效果作出分析。一、对国有企业不良负债的估测近年来关于国有企业不良负债的讨论很多。但是 ,不良负债程度到底如何 ,很不清楚。国有商业银行绝大部分贷款贷给国有企业 ,国有企业不良负债状况应…     

经济欠发达地区担保业发展中存在问题及政策建议

中小企业融资难问题的产生,一个重要原因就是中小企业抵押担保难,银行与企业之间缺少一个中介担保机构。担保机构在银行与企业之间发挥着桥梁作用,使中小企业有了稳定可靠的信用系统,又可以帮助银行按照贷款的"三性"经营管理原则实现经营总目标,使银行的贷款更为安全、有效。     

Pursuing efficiency while maintaining outreach: Bank privatization in Tanzania

Profitability improvements after the privatization of a large state-owned bank might come at the expense of reduced access to financial services for some groups, especially the rural poor. The privatization of Tanzania's National Bank of Commerce provides a unique episode for studying this issue. The bank was split into the “new” National Bank of Commerce, a commercial bank that assumed most of the original bank's assets and liabilities, and the National Microfinance Bank, which assumed most of the branch network and the mandate to foster access to financial services. The new National Bank of Commerce's profitability and portfolio quality improved although credit growth was slow, in line with the privatization experiences in other developing countries. Finding a buyer for the National Microfinance Bank proved very difficult, although after years under contract management by private banking consultants, Rabobank of the Netherlands emerged as a purchaser. Profitability has since improved and lending has slowly grown, while the share of non-performing loans remains low.     

Bank loans vs. trade credit

Using a World Bank dataset of Chinese firms, we investigate the relative importance of bank loans and trade credit in promoting firm performance. To deal with possible endogeneity issues, we employ distinct and separable instrumental variables for bank loans and trade credit. We find that access to bank loans is central to improving firm performance and growth, while the availability of trade credit is much less important. Our results suggest that trade credit cannot effectively substitute for bank loans. Overall, our findings suggest the need for further development of China's formal financial institutions, which would enable the non‐state sector to grow much faster than it has grown in recent decades.     

DOES INITIAL ACCESS TO BANK LOANS PREDICT START‐UPS' FUTURE DEFAULT PROBABILITY? EVIDENCE FROM ITALY

In Europe, several countries have established public loan guarantee funds throughout direct/indirect loan programs to facilitate the access of SMEs and start‐ups to bank credit. This paper investigates whether start‐ups' level of access to bank loans during the early stage represents an imprinting factor with effects on the likelihood of survival once the firm reaches maturity. We rely on a firm‐level longitudinal data set of 49,111 Italian startups born from 2003 to 2005. Implementing a 2SLS regression analysis we show that the initial level of start‐up bank debt negatively influences the probability of default controlling for firm characteristics and performance. (JEL G21, M20, H32)     

经营困境、政治关系与银行贷款差异——基于持续经营不确定上市公司的经验证据

笔者以2002年~2005年获得非标审计意见上市公司为样本,以上市公司各年度银行贷款占资产总额比例以及贷款的自然对数作为银行贷款决策的替代变量,考察持续经营存在重大不确定对银行贷款决策的影响。多元回归分析发现,民营上市公司在持续经营不确定情况下,银行贷款决策更加严格,而国有上市公司没有因此受到明显影响,但持续经营不确定的国有上市公司债务违约现象比该类民营上市公司更严重。这说明政治关系、政府干预影响了银行向国有上市公司的贷款决策。     

转轨时期我国民营企业与银行紧密型银企关系的构建

我国民营企业与银行之间的松散割裂型银企关系现状使得民营企业面临严重的融资难问题.在转轨经济时期,民营企业与银行构建新型紧密型银企关系是最适合的选择.民营大企业可以和银行建立关系型合作关系.民营中小企业可以实施主办银行制度.民营企业与银行紧密型银企关系的建立离不开银行和企业各自的改革和努力,也离不开信用制度的完善和政府政策的支持.     

Causal Effect of Credit Guarantees for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Evidence from Italy

We evaluate the effectiveness of a partial credit guarantee program, implemented in a large Italian region, that aimed to improve the access to credit of small and medium enterprises. Using unique microdata from a broad set of firms, we show that the policy increased the long-term loans for beneficiary firms, while the total volume of bank loans was unaffected. Furthermore, targeted firms benefited from a substantial decrease in interest rates. However, there is some evidence that firms are more likely to default as a consequence of the treatment. Conversely, the results do not point to any significant effect on investments.     

Collateralized Lending by Indian Banks: Some Explanations and Policy Implications

This paper draws a parallel between the extent of unsecured lending that a bank does and the screening effort extended by the bank. Since unsecured lending requires screening on the part of the bank, higher the percentage of unsecured loans in total loans, higher is likely to be the screening effort while processing loan applications. Using panel data relating to banks in India, we find that on an average a higher extent of screening effort or unsecured loans is likely to be provided by banks that are large, have low level of non-performing assets, and are in the private sector. Further, persistence in the extent of unsecured lending seems to suggest that any change in unsecured lending/ screening effort is likely to be rather slow.

     

The provision of long-term credit and firm growth in developing countries

Do small and young firms benefit from an increase in the provision of long-term loans? By combining firm-level data from 62 countries (over the period 2006–2016) with a new database on short-term and long-term credit provided to the private sector, this article shows a higher provision of long-term credit does not stimulate growth of small and young firms. On the contrary, an increase in the availability of short-term credit spurs firm growth. The main explanation of this (counter-intuitive) result is the differential impact of short-term and long-term credit provision on small and young firms’ access to credit. Young and small firms are able to take advantage of an increase of short-term loans, which allow them to switch from informal finance to bank loans. However, a higher level of long-term credit does not alleviate credit constraints faced by opaque firms because these funds are allocated towards transparent borrowers.     

Political connections, financing and firm performance: Evidence from Chinese private firms

This paper examines the role of affiliation with the ruling Communist Party in the operation of private enterprises in China. Using a nationwide survey of private firms, we find that the Party membership of private entrepreneurs has a positive effect on the performance of their firms when human capital and other relevant variables are controlled. We further find that Party membership helps private entrepreneurs to obtain loans from banks or other state institutions, and affords them more confidence in the legal system. Finally, we find Party membership to be more important to firm performance in regions with weaker market institutions and weaker legal protection.     

中小企业集群融资与价值估算

由于存在规模效应、协同效应集、技术溢出效应等因素,集群企业的整体价值要远远大于单个企业价值的简单加总。在正确估算企业集群价值的基础上,银行可以通过适当的手段来降低借贷风险,这对于银行和中小企业来说是一个双赢的结果。