Inventories and optimal monetary policy in a small open economy

We study how inventory investment affects the design of optimal monetary policy in a New Keynesian small open economy model. We find that under producer currency pricing, when the intratemporal elasticity of substitution is smaller than 1, optimal monetary policy in our model with inventories is similar to a standard model without inventories. However, when the intratemporal elasticity of substitution is larger than 1, inventory investment increases the importance of nominal exchange rate stabilization relative to a standard model without inventories. The importance of nominal exchange rate stabilization increases with the intratemporal elasticity of substitution.     

Stock Market Efficiency and Economic Efficiency: Is There a Connection?

In a capitalist economy, prices serve to equilibrate supply and demand for goods and services, continually changing to reallocate resources to their most efficient uses. However, secondary stock market prices, often viewed as the most “informationally efficient” prices in the economy, have no direct role in the allocation of equity capital since managers have discretion in determining the level of investment. What is the link between stock price informational efficiency and economic efficiency? We present a model of the stock market in which: (i) managers have discretion in making investments and must be given the right incentives; and (ii) stock market traders may have important information that managers do not have about the value of prospective investment opportunities. In equilibrium, information in stock prices will guide investment decisions because managers will be compensated based on informative stock prices in the future. The stock market indirectly guides investment by transferring two kinds of information: information about investment opportunities and information about managers' past decisions. However, because this role is only indirect, the link between price efficiency and economic efficiency is tenuous. We show that stock price efficiency is not sufficient for economic efficiency by showing that the model may have another equilibrium in which prices are strong-form efficient, but investment decisions are suboptimal. We also suggest that stock market efficiency is not necessary for investment efficiency by considering a banking system that can serve as an alternative institution for the efficient allocation of investment resources.     

空间变异特征下金融发展结构对房地产库存的影响研究

利用2004-2018年我国房地产库存和金融发展结构的省际面板数据建立GWR模型,考量空间变异特征下金融发展结构对房地产库存的影响。结果表明：金融发展结构对房地产库存的影响呈现出显著的动态市场异质性特征,即不同经济发展阶段、不同的经济发展区域、金融发展结构对房地产库存的影响不同;房地产开发企业国内贷款和商品房房价对房地产库存的影响具有典型的市场异质性,且表现出非线性特征;房地产开发企业自筹资金、房地产开发企业利用外资、房地产开发企业其他资金对房地产库存具有抑制作用;房地产开发投资额对房地产库存具有促进作用。     

Business structure,economic cycles,and national policy

A system dynamics model of the national economy is now being assembled. Preliminary studies show that the production sectors can generate three different modes of fluctuation in the economy similar to the 3-to-7-year business cycle, the 15-to-25-year Kuznets cycle, and the 45-to-60-year Kondratieff cycle. These several modes arise from the basic physical processes of production and the managerial policies governing inventory, employment, and capital investment. The three modes of economic fluctuation are easily confused, and have tended to be interpreted as if they belonged only to the business cycle, perhaps leading to inappropriate policies. The work is still in progress, but results to date have important implications for many areas, including capital investment and its effect on the business cycle, monetary policy, fine tuning the economy, the severity of future recessions, the Phillips curve, factors affecting unemployment, and the trade-off between unemployment and inflation.     

中国农村金融发展对农村经济的影响分析——基于AK理论的多变量误差修正模型

本文通过研究农村金融市场融资能力及信贷效率对农村经济的影响,来分析农村金融发展对中国农业经济的重要性。首先基于帕加诺内生经济增长理论选取与经济增长率相关的且能反映农村金融市场融资能力的金融指标,其次基于这些金融指标,通过误差修正模型,在统一的框架内综合分析金融市场的发展对农村经济的影响情况,并定量分析农村经济增长与信贷、投资间的互动过程。计量结论显示在长期信贷与优化的金融结构、完善的金融融资渠道能够促进农业经济增长,但中国农业经济增长不能内生吸引信贷资金。农业经济增长的长效机制在于发展高效农业,监管部门要通过指导意见改善农村金融结构与金融渠道、促进信贷支农特别是支持乡镇企业的投资,以此为基础实现农村产业与农村金融市场的良性互动。     

非公有制经济投资领域拓展的障碍与策略

拓展非公有制经济投资领域,积极支持和鼓励非公有制经济投资的持续增长,对中国经济的整体发展具有重要意义.从现实看,市场准入、融资政策与体制以及政府服务体系改革滞后等因素,仍然对非公有制经济投资领域拓展形成了实质性障碍,因此,必须通过相关体制的改革与完善,为非公有制投资领域拓展与非公有制经济发展创造良好的体制与制度环境.     

开放经济下资金供求非均衡与中国对外直接投资

当前中国出现了相对过剩的国内大规模储蓄和外资大量流进并存的现象；国际收支表现为双顺差和巨额外汇储备；与此同时，国内资金也在大规模的外流，出现了资本流动怪圈。这种资金供求非均衡状态有许多负面影响。而引进外资是现代化建设所必须的，因此，进行对外直接投资是一种较好的选择。     

Should we Fear the Shadow? House Prices,Shadow Inventory,and the Nascent Housing Recovery

Although a broad-based increase in house prices has been observed over the past year, not everyone is convinced the rise of house prices will persist and lead to a steady recovery of the economy. The main reason for this skepticism is uncertainty about the “shadow inventory”: foreclosed homes held by investors or as REOs, which have not yet hit the market but likely will as market prices rise. The volume of shadow inventory itself in local markets is largely unknown, as is its impact on the housing market. This study quantifies the size of the shadow inventory and investigates the spatial impact of the out-flow of shadow inventory. The scope of our study is a set of housing markets (AZ, CA, and FL) that vary in both their historic housing price volatility as well as institutional factors - such as foreclosure law statutes - that may influence the relationship between the shadow inventory and house price dynamics. To address the endogeneity that characterizes the spatial interaction of house prices and the out-flow of the shadow inventory, we utilize a simultaneous equation system of spatial autoregressions (SESSAR). The model is estimated using measures of the shadow inventory derived from DataQuick’s national transaction history database and county-level house price indices provided by Black Knight. Lastly, because our estimate - as well as all other existing estimates - of the shadow inventory relies upon string matching algorithms to identify entry into and exit out of REO status, we validate the accuracy of our measures of REOs using loss mitigation data from the OCC Mortgage Metrics database.     

Adverse selection and the financial accelerator

Many economists believe that credit market distortions create a financial accelerator which destabilizes the economy. This paper shows that when credit market distortions arise from adverse selection they sometimes stabilize the economy rather than destabilize it. The stabilizing forces are closely related to forces that cause overinvestment in static models. When investment projects are equity financed, or when contracts are written optimally, the distortions always stabilize the economy. Thus, stabilizing equilibria are a robust feature of the model. The empirical distinction between accelerator and stabilizer equilibria is subtle. Many empirical tests are unable to distinguish between accelerator and stabilizer equilibria.     

Time to produce and emerging market crises

After emerging market crises, value added falls more in manufacturing industries that normally exhibit higher inventory/cost ratios. Moreover, the difference in value added between manufacturing industries with different inventory/cost ratios persists years into the recovery. A shock to aggregate TFP cannot by itself match this pattern. In contrast, a persistent increase in the cost of foreign capital can. In the context of a calibrated multisector small open economy model, a shock to the cost of foreign capital consistent with the cross-industry data leads, 3–5 years after the onset of the crisis, to an average reduction of output relative to a trend of 5.4 percent.     

中国的创新经济与产权交易市场

中国经济在未来10年的发展模式,同产权交易市场的变革相关,研究如何将产权交易市场改造成为多层次资本市场体系的一部分,是促进投资发展的重要手段,也是中国经济形成创新发展模式的关键。     

The equity premium implied by production

This paper studies the determinants of the equity premium as implied by producers’ first-order conditions. A simple closed form expression is presented for the Sharpe ratio as a function of investment volatility and technology parameters. Calibrated to the US postwar economy, the model can match the historical first and second moments of the market return and the risk-free interest rate. The model also generates a very volatile Sharpe ratio and market price of risk.     

Financial market development and the effectiveness of R&D investment: Evidence from developed and emerging countries

Does financial market development enhance the effectiveness of R&D investment in an economy? To address this question, we apply three distinct approaches including (i) ordinary least square method, (ii) cross-country instrumental variable regression approach, and (iii) panel regression method. By using a dataset of both developed and emerging countries, we find that financial market development significantly contributes to the effectiveness of total R&D investment. This finding remains robust across different model specifications and individual estimation methods. Our finding provides an important guidance to policy makers in implementing a sound financial environment that can facilitate the total contribution of R&D investment.     

External Constraints on Monetary Policy and the Financial Accelerator

We develop a small open economy macroeconomic model where financial conditions influence aggregate behavior. Our goal is to explore the connection between the exchange rate regime and financial distress. We first show that a calibrated version of the model captures well the behavior of the Korean economy during its financial crisis period of 1997–98. In particular, the model accounts for the sharp increase in lending rates and the large drop in output, employment, investment, and measured productivity. The financial market frictions play an important role, further, explaining roughly half the decline in overall economic activity. We then perform some counterfactual exercises to illustrate how the fixed exchange rate regime likely exacerbated the crisis by tying the hands of monetary policy.     

政府债券、宏观效应与政策调节--基于规模和流动性双重视角的DSGE效应分析

本文基于政府债券规模和流动性的双重视角,构建动态随机一般均衡模型,通过理论分析和数值模拟,研究二者对实体经济发展和金融风险变量的影响。研究显示:政府债券规模的增加促进了投资,刺激了产出和劳动供给,但过度扩张对实体经济也带来"挤占投资"和物价上升、消费下降等负面效应,同时通过债券作为金融资产的特性向金融部门蔓延并形成金融风险集聚;政府债券流动性增强一定程度上刺激了投资,促进了物价稳定,但也存在"挤占消费"和引起经济波动等负面效应;而政府债券流动性的提升有利于缓释金融风险,对实体经济长期可持续发展有益,但流动性过高也会带来系统性金融风险集聚。本文从促进政府债券一级市场和二级市场协同发展、总量和结构合理匹配、政府债券与实体经济有机契合、政府债券流动性管理与金融供给侧密切衔接等方面提出政策建议。     

香港作为全球性金融中心的比较优势与差距

本文从全球性金融中心的角度分析,指出香港的比较优势主要表现为在金融全球化格局中的区位优势、制度优势和金融业的比较优势。然而,与其他全球性金融中心相比,香港的差距也是明显的,突出表现为金融市场、金融机构的发展不平衡,存在众多的短板;金融业发展腹地比较狭小,总体规模仍然偏小。本文认为,香港如果能够有效推进与中国内地的经济融合,构建以香港为龙头、以深圳、广州为两翼的大珠三角金融中心圈,则香港有条件发展成为仅次于伦敦、纽约的全球性国际金融中心,成为亚太区特别是大中华地区主要的资产与财富管理中心、中国企业最重要的境外上市和投融资中心、全球主要的人民币离岸业务中心及亚洲人民币债券市场。     

跨国公司在华投资战略的变化及我国相应的对策

对国际跨国公司来说,21世纪和中国入世是两个重要的环境变化.前者是国际市场大环境的变化,这主要表现为全球经济一体化和知识经济的迅猛发展;后者是一个重要的目标市场小环境变化,这主要是说中国将更加开放同时竟争也将进一步加剧.面对这两个环境变化,国际跨国公司将采取哪些战略措施,我国应当如何应对是本文要探讨的问题.     

企业并购与产业结构调整研究

企业并购是现代经济史上一个突出的现象,不仅是企业扩张的主要方式,而且是企业不断由衰退产业向新兴产业转移和蜕变的重要途径。这是市场经济中企业自然选择的结果。解决生产能力过剩不应是通过限制生产和投资的方法来控制经济规模,而应是将新的投资和原有投资能力转移到具有市场前景的产业和企业。     

Does bank market power affect SME financing constraints?

This paper examines the extent to which bank market power alleviates or magnifies SME credit constraints using a large panel dataset of more than 118,000 SMEs across 20 European countries over the period 2005–2008. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine bank market power and SME credit constraints in an international, developed economy setting. Moreover, our study is the first to address a number of econometric considerations simultaneously, in particular by controlling for the availability of profitable investment opportunities using a structural Q model of investment. Our results strongly support the market power hypothesis, namely, that increased market power results in increased financing constraints for SMEs. Additionally, we find that the relationship exhibits heterogeneity across firm size and opacity in a manner that suggests that the true relationship between bank market power and financing constraints might not be fully explained by the existing theory. Finally, we find that the effect of bank market power on financing constraints increases in financial systems that are more bank dependent.     

Corporate financial structure and financial stability

Drawing on a unique dataset of flow-of funds and balance sheet data, this paper analyzes the impact of financial crises on aggregate corporate financing and expenditure in a range of countries. Investment and inventory contractions are the main contributors to lower GDP growth after crises, with a much greater effect in emerging market countries. The debt–equity ratio is correlated with investment and inventory declines following crises. Econometric analysis suggests that financial crises have a greater impact on expenditure and the financing of corporate sectors in emerging markets than in industrial countries. Industrial countries appear to benefit from a pick-up in bond issuance in the wake of banking crises. Although companies in emerging market countries hold more precautionary liquidity, this is evidently not sufficient to prevent a greater amplitude of response of expenditure to shocks.