Food Access,Program Participation,and Health: Research Using FoodAPS

This piece is an introduction to the symposium on Food Access, Program Participation, and Health: Research using FoodAPS. The symposium includes articles presented at the National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Food Security on December 7 and 8, 2017. The research herein was supported by the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, grant number 59‐5000‐5‐0115. The grant included funding to study the effects of various food assistance programs on outcomes, using data from the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS). We describe the programs and the FoodAPS data, and point out highlights from the articles.     

我国食品安全监管法律问题的思考

俗话说"民以食为天,食以安为先",食品安全关系到人类生存和身体健康。然而,近年来我国食品安全事件频发,所暴露出来的食品安全监管法律机制问题尤为突出。因此,必须尽快建立符合我国实际的食品安全监管机制。     

SNAP and Paycheck Cycles

It is well documented that individuals do not spend the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits smoothly over the month after receipt. Rather, recipients spend a disproportionate share of benefits at the beginning of the benefit month. This has costs for recipients and stores. There is also evidence that other income streams, such as Social Security and paychecks, are not spent smoothly. The presence of these other income streams may bias estimates of the effects of this SNAP cycle on consumption for working SNAP beneficiaries and those who receive other government benefits. We use data from United States Department of Agriculture's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey to explore how the SNAP cycle is affected by accounting for these other income streams. We find suggestive evidence that the cycle is more pronounced for workers who are paid on a weekly or monthly basis, but little evidence that cycles in other income streams mitigate or exacerbate the SNAP cycle.     

Comparison of Russian （FSB and Old KGB） and Turkish Secret Services （MIT） as an Intelligence Dimension

In this study Russian Federation＇s current president Vladimir Putin period has been investigated from all aspects. Russian-Turkish relations have a high impact factor from all dimensions for these two countries. Also the secret services of Turkey as Turkish National Intelligence Organization （MIT） and Russia＇s old Committee for State Security （KGB） and today＇s Federal Security Service （FSB） are really famous intelligence services as well. KGB was a famous and super power Union of Soviet Socialist Republics （USSR）＇s intelligence service until 1991. After 1991 USSR was collapsed and then new Russian secret service by the name of FSB has been created. Today＇s Russia＇s president Vladimir Putin was a technological intelligence agent in the Democratic Germany in the USSR period with the colonel degree. In this article we have investigated and researched until the USSR＇s collapsing date and since that date until today those two countries： Turkey and Russia＇s secret service＇s comparison. Also we should take away that the USSR was an empire and Turkey was just a third the Middle East as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization （NATO） member clarified from all aspects country as a gendarmerie of USA＇s in This strategic collaboration has been     

Improving food security in the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal province,South Africa: Too little,too slow

Food insecurity is still remarkably high in the poorest areas of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Many rural households struggle to have sufficient access to the food they need or prefer. This article explores the extent of food access insecurity and assesses the perceived impact on food security of an Empowerment for Food Security Programme that was launched in the Province in 2007. One of the programme aims was to improve agricultural practices in community gardens, home gardens and broiler production. Data were collected among 390 beneficiary households involved in these agricultural projects in 2010. Findings confirmed that experience-based food insecurity levels were still high, despite the agricultural support programme and the government income transfers. Nevertheless, respondents attribute an improved dietary diversity and better access to resources to the programme.     

Reviews

Social Security and the National Income . By Raymond Burrows.
Rationalisation of South African Industry . (No. 5 of the Nation Pamphlet series), by Richard B. Spiro.     

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WELFARE STATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: PROCESS OF REFORM OF THE PUBLIC ASSISTANCE SYSTEM

The legal framework for social security in the Republic of Korea began to be formed in the early 1960s (the first period) and further progress was made during the process of democratization in the 1980s (the second period). However, it remained a “top‐down” residual system, preserving conservative elements. With the constitutional lawsuit over the right to life in 1994 as a turning point, however, there was a major shift to a universal system, supported by “bottom‐up” efforts through petitions to the National Assembly and legislation by Assembly members. This led to the enactment of the Framework Act on Social Security (1995), the National Basic Livelihood Security Act (1999) and other measures (the third period). This paper attempts to analyze the Korean‐style welfare state by tracking these institutional changes as well as the main actors.     

The Effects of Food Stamps on Obesity

Poverty has historically been associated with a decrease in food consumption. This at least partially changed in 1964 when the Food Stamp Act began guaranteeing food for those in poverty. Since the act's passage, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically, particularly among those with low incomes. This article examines the effects of the Food Stamp Program on the prevalence of obesity using 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. Results indicate that food stamps have significant positive effects on obesity and the obesity gap for females, but these effects are relatively small, and consequently, such benefits are approximated to have played a minor role in increasing obesity at the aggregate level.     

试论社会保障正义的主题:权利与义务

"社会保障正义"与"正义"是特殊和普遍的关系,"社会保障正义"的主题从属于一般的"正义"的主题。社会保障正义的主题是社会保障制度分配基本权利和义务的方式。社会保障权可划分为"底线生活权利"和"更高生活权利"。国家、单位和个人都是社会保障的主体,都担负有社会保障的义务,但国家和社会应在底线生活权利领域承担更多的义务。     

我国食品企业开展工业旅游的现状分析

以国家旅游局公布的“全国工农业旅游示范点”中食品相关的工业旅游企业为研究对象,从开展工业旅游示范点的食品企业的数量变化、地域分布、产品类型、开发模式等方面对我国食品企业开展工业旅游的发展现状进行分析.     

美国社会OASDI制度和农民缴费

美国社会公共养老保障制度属于OASDI社会福利计划,OASDI制度是指老龄、遗属、残疾保险。借鉴美国社会OASDI和农民缴费制度,建立中国公共养老保险制度,实现全民老有所养是政府惠民政策的首要任务。     

美国2007新能源法案的政治经济学分析

美国《2007能源独立与安全法案》的出台,有着深刻的政治和经济背景。2007新能源法案标志着美国的能源战略,从依赖进口能源和能源供给扩张,转向依赖节能与新能源开发和能源需求管理。美国2007新能源法案的实施,也将对世界能源格局产生新的影响。     

Rasch Analyses of Very Low Food Security among Households and Children in the Three City Study

The longitudinal Three City Study (TCS) of low‐income families with children measures food hardships using fewer and some different questions from the standard U.S. instrument, the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) in the Current Population Survey (CPS). We use a Rasch measurement model to identify thresholds of very low food security among households and among children in the TCS that are comparable to thresholds from the HFSSM. We also use the TCS to empirically investigate the determinants of food insecurity and of these specific food insecurity outcomes, estimating a multivariate behavioral Rasch model that is adapted to address longitudinal data. The estimation results indicate that participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program reduce food insecurity, while poverty and disability among caregivers increase it. Besides its longitudinal structure, the TCS measures many more characteristics about households than the CPS. Our estimates reveal that financial assistance through social networks and a household's own financial assets reduce food insecurity, while its outstanding loans increase insecurity.     

South African food resources for the future∗

Internationally, Government action has failed to resolve problems of agriculture, and has proved expensive. Views on the long‐term ability of agriculture to produce sufficient food have varied between optimism and pessimism. Pessimism prevailed in the seventies, but the same period experienced rapid increases in food production, with stocks reaching record volumes by 1986. Food production has outstripped population growth over the long run. Food shortages and famines are caused by distribution problems rather than low aggregate production. Differences in income levels cause problems in the entitlement of poorer people to food. South African agriculture exhibits dualism in production, both in terms of quantities produced and sophistication in the array of foodstuffs produced. Dualism is as prevalent in consumption. In South Africa, some have food in abundance, and others live below the breadline. This is a function of revenue, and has a racial content as well as security implications. South African food industries should cope with dualism by accepting raw materials of differing quality and delivering foodstuffs with differing attributes. This calls for deregulation and a small degree of concentration. Sanctions may aggravate affairs.     

社会风险与社会保障制度的负相关分析

社会风险的普遍存在促成了社会保障制度的建立与不断发展,同时大量社会风险的存在以及抵御、治理风险能力的不足,又制约着社会保障制度进一步的发展与完善。本文着重分析了社会风险制约社会保障制度发展的机理性因素,并提出了抵御社会风险以完善社会保障制度的治理路径。     

Trade, technology spillovers, and food production in China

Trade, Technology Spillovers, and Food Production in China. — This paper studies technology spillovers between China and other countries, international trade in inputs being the prime carrier of knowledge in agricultural production. Human capital characteristics and structural characteristics of the agricultural production sys-tems determine the local usability of foreign knowledge for Chinese farmers. The authors utilize a multi-region applied general equilibrium model to analyze Chinese opportunities to benefit from foreign technology improvements in grain production. It is shown that possible negative welfare effects of unilateral trade liberalization of China against North American imports of agricultural inputs may be more than compensated by productivity gains if technology spillovers are included.     

政府对肉类食品添加剂的使用与管理对策研究

食品添加剂作为现代食品工业的重要组成部分,在肉食品生产加工过程中被广泛使用;然而,肉类食品添加剂使用不当或使用不合格食品添加剂,都会对人体健康产生危害和影响;当前在食品添加剂的生产经营领域也存在大量的问题;政府应该努力通过各种食品安全监管措施保证食品的安全性,切实保障肉类食品添加剂的科学、合理的地使用。     

农民工社会保障方案的新设计

当前农民工社会保障水平很低,各地的认识和做法差异很大,已参保的农民工因流动而中断社保的现象也很普遍。本文结合农民工社会保障的现状,创新地提出通过“劳动合同”将农民工分为两类,按农民工需求的轻重缓急程度创造性地设计出适合农民工特点的社会保障方案,并对此方案从制度层面和操作层面进行了可行性分析。     

Industry Dynamics and the Distribution of Firm Sizes: A Nonparametric Approach

The aim of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the size distribution of young firms within some selected industries, using as a background three theories of the distribution of firm sizes that identify a process of passive learning (Jovanovic 1982), one of active learning (Ericson and Pakes 1995), and an evolutionary one (Audretsch 1995) in the postentry dynamics of business firms. We use a non-parametric technique, the kernel density estimator, applied to a data set from the Italian National Institute for Social Security (INPS), consisting of 12 cohorts of new manufacturing firms that were followed on a quarterly base for six years. We find that firm size distribution is in general skewed to the right, although different industries display different paths and speeds of convergence toward the limit distribution. This finding is fairly consistent with theories allowing for industry heterogeneity in terms of structural and technological features, which, in turn, result in industry-specific evolution of the size distribution of new entrants.     

The Contribution of the School Environment to the Overall Food Environment Experienced by Children

Despite the important role of schools in the food environment faced by children, most research examining access to healthy food has focused on the retail sector. We create a database of school menus and the nutritional information about each item on the menu from nearly all school districts in the United States to examine the influence of the school‐based food environment on the nutritional choices of children. Using the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS), we find that, holding constant the neighborhood retail food environment, exposure to healthier meals at school increases the healthfulness of foods acquired by children throughout the day.