企业降价与总收益关系的新认识

随着环境的变化,企业有时候要调低产品价格。本文针对一些企业错误地应用关于降价与总收益关系的传统结论的现象,结合数学和经济学,提出了很多命题,对降价与总收益之间的关系揭示得很清楚,对于传统的需求价格弹性理论关于降价与总收益之间关系的不完全准确认识的一种修正,也是对需求价格弹性理论应用的拓展;且本文分别用图形形象地表示出降价与总收益之间的关系,结合企业在调低价格后给予一定的指导——企业降价后还要进行跟踪调查、还要根据效果采取相应措施、要关注客户需求量的变化、降价不是拍脑袋的事情,这具有一定的现实意义。     

需求弹性理论在酒店房价决策中的运用

本文基于微观经济学中的需求弹性理论,从酒店行业中的市场需求角度出发,着重分析了客房价格、需求弹性以及酒店收益三者之间的内涵关系,并给出了相应的定价模型,以使企业顺利实现其总收益最大化。通过此模型的建立,期望对酒店行业房间定价决策机制起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

弹性理论在经济中的应用

本文将弹性概念运用于经济问题中,介绍了商品的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性,及需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性的类型,并介绍了如何用商品的需求弹性分析总收益,及进出口商品的供求弹性在国际收支调节理论及关税承担中的应用     

需求价格弹性分析在价格决策中的应用

需求价格弹性是经济学上衡量价格变动与需求量变动关系的一个指标,指的是需求量的变动对价格变动反应的敏感程度,那么商品的价格与销量的乘积即总收益的变动就可以最终归结为两个因素:价格变动幅度与需求价格弹性的大小,而且这两个因素也会影响总收益与总成本之差即总盈利.本文在修正需求价格弹性与总收益关系的基础上,确定了使企业总收益增加的合理调价范围和获得最大收益的最优调价幅度,并制定了企业取得最大盈利的最优价格,为企业的价格决策提供有利的参考.     

需求价格弹性对销售收入和利润的影响分析

正一、问题提出根据需求规律,正常商品的需求量与价格之间存在反方向变化的关系。降低价格将增加商品销售量,提高价格将减少商品销售量,而商品销售收入的高低取决于价格与销售量的乘积,要实现商品销售收入的最大化,应采取怎样的价格策略呢?因为企业销售收入等于价格乘以销售量,即R=PQ。要实现销售收入的最大化,可求解销售收入关于价格的一阶导数。     

关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间关系的思考

在微观经济学关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间的关系中,传统经济学教科书对此得出的都是相同的结论,即当需求的价格弹性e〉1时,价格与销售收益反向变化;需求的价格弹性e〈1时,价格与销售收益同向变化;需求的价格弹性时,销售收益不随价格的变化而变化。通过数学分析与推导,得出这一结论并不是恒成立的,需求价格弹性的取值与收益之间的关系也是有条件的,即存在着一定的约束条件——价格的变动幅度。通过数学证明,可得出,当e=1时,价格变化,收益必定减少;当e〈1时,只要价格上涨幅度不超过1-e/e,总收益增加;当e〉1时,只要价格下降的幅度不超过e-1/e,总收益也增加。     

香港“奶粉限购令”引发的几点思考

本文以香港"奶粉限购令"的提出为导线,分别从供给与需求关系、需求价格弹性以及自由贸易等经济理论进行论述,对"限购令"进行综合分析。     

需求价格弹性、销售收益和企业利润的关系研究：基于成本策略视角

将成本策略引入到需求价格弹性与利润的对应关系模型中,找到了企业在以保利润为目标时,临界需求价格弹性计算方法,开创性地分析出在降低变动成本策略下企业如何进行价格调整以及如何确定调整幅度,给出具有操作性的推论,对企业具有实际参考价值。     

关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之闻关系的思考

在微观经济学关于需求价格弹性与销售收益之间的关系中,传统经济学教科书对此得出的都是相同的结论,即当需求的价格弹性e＞1时,价格与销售收益反向变化;需求的价格弹性e＜1时,价格与销售收益同向变化;需求的价格弹性时,销售收益不随价格的变化而变化.通过数学分析与推导,得出这一结论并不是恒成立的,需求价格弹性的取值与收益之间的关系也是有条件的,即存在着一定的约束条件--价格的变动幅度.通过数学证明,可得出,当e=1时,价格变化,收益必定减少;当e＜1时,只要价格上涨幅度不超过1-e/e,总收益增加;当e＞1时,只要价格下降的幅度不超过旦e-1/e,总收益也增加.     

弹性分析理论在价格决策中的应用

一、需求价格弹性的理论需求价格弹性是销售量Q变化率与价格的P的变化率之比,它反映了商品需求量对其销售价格变动反映的灵敏度,需求价格弹性计算公式：式中,Ed为需求价格弹性,Q为商品销售量,Q为商品需求量的变动量,P为单位商品售价,凸P为单位商品售价的变动量,公式中的负号反映了需求量的变化方向,一般与销售价格的变动方向呈反方向变动。＝、调价方向的确定（一）降低价格的界限一般地说,企业经营者调整商品销售价格的直接经济动机在于获得更多的利润。因此,追求利润最大化成为企业的基本目标,在经济活动中有着积极作用。…     

Third-degree price discrimination in a short-stay accommodation industry

This article analyses the pricing in the short-stay accommodation industry in Tasmania. It utilizes a novel 2008 survey of Tasmanian short-stay accommodation firms in which business managers were asked about their perception of the elasticity of their firm’s demand in each of the market segments that their firm supplied. This direct observation of elasticity allows us to demonstrate that firms’ price across market segments act in a manner consistent with the Lerner index and the theory of third-degree price discrimination. Further we show, in line with expectations based on the literature, that increased quality of the accommodation lowers the elasticity of demand, while the elasticity of demand is higher in winter. Surprisingly, Internet sales channels do not exhibit a different elasticity of demand to other sales channels.     

A dynamic model of demand for Mediterranean tourism

A dynamic econometric model was specified in order to estimate tourism consumption changes by Northern European countries and the USA for major Mediterranean destinations. The model employed a flexible framework for modelling short-term dynamics as well as the long run effects of a range of variables of specific interest to the countries considered. The estimated model provided useful information for tourism demand. The income elasticities demonstrated considerable differences in tourism demand preferences between origin countries and between traditional and newly developing destinations. The own and substitute price elasticities indicated the importance of effective prices in determining tourism receipts of the destinations.     

Modelling the effects of promotion expenditures on sales of pharmaceuticals

The successful innovation of pharmaceuticals requires a substantial amount of marketing support, despite concerns about the effects of these marketing efforts. This study considers prior findings that indicate that higher marketing expenditures for a brand reduce its price elasticity of demand, which may lead to higher prices, in the context of the Dutch pharmaceutical market. The authors find that parameters are heterogeneous across brands, and that marketing effects differ across product life cycle stages. They propose a separate analysis of established and new brands. For established brands, marketing efforts neither have a positive effect on sales, nor do they affect the price elasticity. For new brands, several proposed models might capture their diffusion pattern; the diffusion-of-innovation models provide the best results. Marketing accelerates the rate of diffusion and leads to a higher baseline level of sales.     

DEMAND UNCERTAINTY AND RESALE PRICE MAINTENANCE

When retailers must commit to shipment quantities prior to resolution of demand uncertainty, manufacturer stipulation of a minimum retail price is likely to be profitable for the manufacturer and not damaging to the retailers. The reason is simple: if demand turns out to be low, the unfettered market-clearing price can lie below the price that maximizes total sales revenue. A minimum retail price that is binding in the low-demand state can thus increase total revenue even though it saddles retailers with unsold merchandise. The ubiquity of full reimbursement for returns in Japan, even though it is in theory merely a second-best way of achieving minimum retail price stipulations, reveals important aspects of manufacturer maintenance of retail prices having to do with enforcement problems, the allocation of risk-bearing, and economic incentives. These aspects of resale price maintenance (RPM) are relevant to the normative evaluation of the special exemptions for RPM that Japan's Fair Trade Commission has long maintained but is now phasing out.     

Housing Prices in Urban China as Determined by Demand and Supply

This paper studies the demand for and supply of residential housing in urban China since the late 1980s when the urban housing market became commercialized. Using aggregated annual data from 1987 to 2012 in a simultaneous equations framework we show that the rapid increase in the urban residential housing price can be well explained by the forces of demand and supply, with income determining demand and cost of construction affecting supply. We find the income elasticity of demand for urban housing to be approximately 1, the price elasticity of demand to be approximately ?1.1 and the price elasticity of supply of the total housing stock to be approximately 0.5. The resulting long‐run effect of income on urban housing prices in elasticity terms is approximately 0.7, because the increase in income has shifted the demand curve outward more rapidly than the supply curve.     

中国装备制造业的出口依存度及对外市场的需求弹性研究——基于行业面板数据的分析

文章利用装备制造业7个子行业2001-2009年出口交货值和产业销售值数据,对产业的对外市场需求弹性进行了动态实证研究,并在此基础上利用7个子行业的对外市场需求弹性系数作为权重,对装备制造业的对外依存度进行了新的计算。研究结果表明,装备制造业7个子行业在短期内对外市场需求缺乏弹性,而部分行业在长期内对外市场需求富有弹性;根据对外依存度的传统定义,在产业迅速发展时期,由于没有考虑到市场需求弹性因素,对产业的对外依存度存在高估。     

中国钢铁长期需求:影响因素与政策选择

近年来,我国钢铁工业得到了长足的发展。但随着国内外市场供求关系变化,钢铁工业供求结构不相适应的矛盾日益显现。钢铁工业要实现可持续发展,必须重视对市场长期需求规律的研究,将数量增长和产品结构调整相结合。本文利用协整方程对市场经济条件下经济增长等因素对我国钢铁工业推动作用进行动态分析,探讨钢铁市场的长期需求规律,对于当前钢铁产业政策发展导向、政策选择等提出建议。     

Demand for cigarettes in the United States: effects of prices in bordering states and contiguity with Mexico and Canada

Based on a cross-section of US states for 2004, this article estimates a demand function for cigarettes after including a proxy for prices in the bordering states and simple proxies for contiguity with Mexico and Canada and for being a major tobacco producer. One major point seems to be that the negative elasticity for within-state price is similar in magnitude to the positive elasticity for the (lowest) price in bordering states. Several additional points also seem noteworthy. First, having a border with Mexico lowers sales in the state sizably. Second, the share of Hispanic/Latino population in the state also lowers sales significantly. Third, contiguity with Canada appears to have no significant effect. Fourth, partial impact of the state being a major tobacco producer appears minor even though consumption in these states is considerably higher. Fifth, education shows the expected negative association with cigarette consumption, but its statistical significance is low. Last, income carries a weak negative parameter, perhaps reflecting the lower prevalence of smoking in higher-income households.     

Adding exhaustibility to the traditional theory of the gold standard

This paper integrates a natural resource constraint into the traditional theory of the gold standard. In addition, it incorporates a dependence of money demand on the relative price of gold. Together, these modifications of the traditional theory cause the convergent path of the price level to depend upon the form of the money demand function. In particular, the traditional inflationary convergence is guaranteed if the demand for money depends on total income; but deflation occurs if the relevant transactions variable in money demand excludes the value of gold output. Adding exhaustibility requires making important qualifications to the effects of disturbances of the long-run price level and money stock. In effect, there will be more variability in price and less in the quantity of money. Finally, we address the question of the optimum quantity of money, concluding that there is no tendency for it to be established automatically in any realistic model with exhaustibility.