生存型与机会型创业者的行业选择研究

创业者的行业选择是创业成功与发展的重要基础之一。生存型与机会型的创业者在创业者个人特征、创业投资回报预期、创业壁垒和创业资金来源等方面都存在差异。这些差异对他们的行业选择有一定的影响。在对生存型与机会型创业者比较研究的基础上,根据层次分析法理论建立行业选择决策模型,对生存型与机会型创业者的行业选择作出评价,并对结果进行行业分析。     

创业者机会认知、行为决策与企业家精神

创业者机会认知研究已逐渐成为创业领域、企业管理领域学者关注的重点。此外，企业家精神是创业者创业成功的关键因素。基于文献计量分析方法，应用Nvivo软件对SD（Science Direct）中以创业为主题的文献进行可视化分析并形成词云图和关键词关联图。结果发现，创业活动是以机会为主轴的社会实践活动，其中包括创业者创业机会识别、机会转换及机会商业化过程，创业机会很难独立于创业者或企业家而存在;机会转换过程充分体现了创业者对外在信息或潜在机会的处理方式;机会商业化过程中商业模式本身是创业者对价值创造活动体系的优化过程。基于分析结果发现,创业者和创业团队所表现出的企业家精神对创业活动选择及创业过程行为决策至关重要。     

Risk-bearing and entrepreneurship

In the “Knightian” theory of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs provide insurance to workers by paying fixed wages and bear all the risk of production. This paper endogenizes entrepreneurial risk by allowing for optimal insurance contracts as well as occupational self-selection. Moral hazard prevents full insurance; increases in an agent's wealth then entail increases in risk borne. Thus, even under decreasing risk aversion, there are robust instances in which workers are wealthier than entrepreneurs. This empirically implausible result suggests that risk-based explanations for entrepreneurship are inadequate.     

创业者异质性胜任特征与创业政策供给

以供需匹配为指导思想，基于胜任力理论，解析创业者类型及其异质性胜任特征，挖掘创业者异质性创业政策需求；借鉴创业MOS模型，构建异质性创业政策供给框架。结果表明：①创业者可分为生存推动型、机会拉动型和创新驱动型3种类型。其中，生存推动型创业者创业行为呈现创业被动性、风险规避性等特征，其认知胜任力和职能胜任力较强，机会拉动型创业者创业行为呈现机会警觉性、资本积累性等特征，其认知胜任力和社会胜任力较强，创新驱动型创业者创业行为呈现创新变革性、资源撬动性等特征，其认知胜任力和心理胜任力较强；②创业政策供给通过动机激发、机会增加和技能培育提升创业者创业胜任力，有助于创业者创业机会识别和创业资源整合以及创业者创业绩效提升；③鉴于创业者创业胜任特征和创业政策需求差异，政府应实施异质性创业政策供给，侧重生存推动型创业者动机激发和机会增加，关注机会拉动型创业者动机强化和技能培育，注重创新驱动型创业者技能提升和机会增加。     

科技型创业者的创业背景研究——以福建沿海地区为例

在对科技型创业者创业背景的研究进行回顾的基础上,本文以针对福建沿海地区科技型创业者所做的调查为基本依据,对福建沿海地区科技型创业者的家庭背景、教育背景、年龄背景、性别背景、专业背景、工作经历背景等进行了探讨和分析,并将调研结论与现有创业学中有关创业背景的研究结论进行了比较。     

Revitalising serial entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from a newly emerging economy

In light of the growing national priority to develop and revitalise entrepreneurship in emerging economies, our understanding of barriers to serial entrepreneurship (SE) in such a context warrants further scholarly attention. Using insights from Ghana, an integrated framework of endogenous and exogenous barriers to SE is advanced. The study identified factors such as stigmatisation of business failure, fear of failure, successive governments’ suspicion of the private sector and lack of a clear national policy as barriers to the development of SE. By creating conditions for de-stigmatising of failure, countries would be able to create conditions for more serial entrepreneurs to emerge and flourish. The analysis also indicates that reinvigorating entrepreneurship by providing space and opportunity for failed entrepreneurs to re-emerge would enable such countries to enhance entrepreneurial activities and improve economic development. The implications for technology analysis and strategic entrepreneurship literature are identified and examined.     

技术型创业者创造力特征对企业绩效的影响

“双创”国家战略鼓励不同类型的创业者参与创新创业活动，实现中国经济的创新驱动。作为将自有创新成果商业化的创业群体，技术型创业者不仅具备一般创业者特征，还拥有显著的创造力特征。已有研究表明，创业者的技术特征对企业绩效具有重要影响，但缺少技术型创业者的创造力水平对创业企业绩效影响机制的探讨。鉴于此，以2020年深圳证券交易所创业板上市的企业为样本，研究技术型创业者创造力特征对创业企业绩效的影响。多元线性回归分析结果表明，技术型创业者创造力水平与创业企业绩效呈正相关关系；在中型企业中，技术型创业者创造力水平对创业企业绩效具有显著正向影响，而在大型企业和小微企业中，技术型创业者创造力水平对企业创业绩效的影响则不显著或较小。     

THE RISK PREFERENCES OF ENTREPRENEURS IN INDONESIA

Entrepreneurship is known to be important for innovation and economic growth, but relatively little attention has been paid to entrepreneurs in developing countries. We examined an important aspect of entrepreneurship: risk‐taking. We analysed the Indonesian Family Life Survey and compared risk preferences between entrepreneurs and non‐entrepreneurs. We found that risk tolerant workers were more likely to be entrepreneurs than risk averse workers by about 5 percentage points, or about 20 percent of the proportion of entrepreneurs in the labour force. The results imply that not all entrepreneurs in Indonesia are pushed into the sector; some actively take risks and seek innovations.     

Good Judgment,Good Luck: Frank Fetter’s Neglected Theory of Entrepreneurship

Frank Fetter’s contributions to entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm are usually overlooked although his original treatments are relevant to both the history of economic thought and contemporary entrepreneurship research. This article highlights three ways in which Fetter’s work adds to our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. First, entrepreneurs direct their enterprises through the careful delegation of authority to managers, thereby maintaining residual control over the firm; similar views were pioneered by Frank Knight and the Austrian economists who continue to study cognate problems like judgmental decision making and proxy-entrepreneurship. Second, Fetter foreshadows Knight’s influential distinction between risk and uncertainty by arguing that entrepreneurs bear uncertainty through their investment decisions. However, Fetter extends Knight’s work by explicitly considering the role that chance and luck play in entrepreneurial success, a problem still debated in entrepreneurship studies. Third, Fetter argues that scarcity implies the active investment of resources, and thus the need for entrepreneurship. This view hints at current research on entrepreneurial bricolage as well as work emphasizing investment rather than opportunity as the defining concept of entrepreneurship. It also provides the microfoundations for strategic entrepreneurship research.     

Entrepreneurship,Financiership, and Selection*

We develop an equilibrium model of the market for entrepreneurial finance, in which all agents have some personal wealth and a project whose quality is their private information. All agents choose whether to invest either as entrepreneurs or financiers, or to invest in storage technology. We find that a binding economy‐level wealth constraint, which renders credit scarce, can create advantageous selection, where productive agents become entrepreneurs and unproductive agents become their financiers. If funding is easier to obtain, entrepreneurship also attracts unproductive agents. In our model, individual wealth and entrepreneurship are positively (negatively) correlated if financial market participation is complete (incomplete).     

When Do Employees Leave Their Job for Entrepreneurship?*

Existing firms are argued to be an important source of new entrepreneurs. Yet, relatively little is known about the characteristics of firms that breed new entrepreneurs. We use a large linked employee–employer dataset to trace and characterize the types of firms which generate new entrepreneurs in Finland. We find that such transitions are rare and that smaller firms spawn new entrepreneurs more frequently than larger firms. We also find that firms' R&D intensity and, to a lesser extent, their productivity are negatively related to the probability that employees transit into entrepreneurship. These results are robust to controlling for a number of employee and employer attributes.     

中印创业者之创业评价与青年人职业选择研究

社会支持是创业活动重要的推动因素,而对创业发展的政策制定而言,假设不同地区对创业活动的需求是一致的,同样的政策可以适用于不同的地区.本研究认为,社会如何看待创业者和创业是未来创业活动的重要决定因素.这种态度会受到个人的家庭背景以及该地区的创业发展情况影响.     

Innovative initiatives supporting inclusive innovation in India: Social business incubation and micro venture capital

In India inclusive innovation through social entrepreneurs is currently booming. However, these entrepreneurs suffer from a lack of finance since the bank system as well as the microfinance sector are unwilling or unable to finance them. However, pioneering finance initiatives have been emerging recently to bridge this gap. This paper discusses these emerging alternative financing initiatives which are forming an innovation eco-system of support for inclusive innovation and social entrepreneurship. It highlights two instruments in particular that are used in conventional innovation support: business incubation and venture capital. Two case studies are undertaken in order to provide evidence on how such instruments can operate with a ‘dual bottom line’ in supporting inclusive innovation and social entrepreneurship.     

心理资本对创业坚持的影响——内在动机与创业榜样的调节作用

创业坚持是创业成功的重要前提。作为复杂的决策行为,创业坚持受到多方面因素的共同作用。基于社会认知理论,探讨乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望等心理资本对创业坚持的影响,以及内在动机和创业榜样发挥的情境效应。通过对我国202名创业者进行问卷调查发现：创业者的乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望均能够显著促进其坚持创业;内在动机正向调节乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系;创业榜样对乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系发挥正向调节作用。将个体因素（心理资本和内在动机）与环境因素（创业榜样）纳入同一理论框架,讨论其对创业坚持的影响,以期为创业坚持研究提供新颖和全面的视角。     

政策支持、创业激情与技术创业成功：政策感知的调节作用

为了厘清政策支持对技术创业成功的作用机制,将创业激情作为中介变量、政策感知作为调节变量,构建政策支持影响技术创业成功的理论模型,并结合云南地区291家技术创业企业数据开展实证研究。结果表明：政策支持促进技术创业成功;政策支持通过激发技术创业者创业激情进而促进技术创业成功;政策感知强化政策支持对技术创业成功的正向影响,同时增强政策支持对创业激情的正向影响,对创业激情的中介过程具有调节作用,即在不同水平政策感知下,创业激情的中介效用存在明显差异。     

Entrepreneurship and institutional change

Entrepreneurs do more than just buy low and sell high; they sometimes also change our institutions, including our categories of thought. New institutional economics has been examining incentives that drive individuals to bring about market-supporting institutional arrangements. There is, however, an aspect of entrepreneurship conducive to institutional changes that has been neglected by contemporary institutionalist theories and that remains underdeveloped in entrepreneurship research. When and how does entrepreneurship bring about institutional change? I suggest that entrepreneurs are agents of institutional change when cultural categorization is ambiguous with regard to the proper and permissible applications of novel artifacts. Motherhood, for example, used to be a simple category, but surrogacy changed that radically. Examining newspaper evidence, social surveys, statutory law, and judicial cases, I show how entrepreneurs, by provoking a change in interpretation and judgment, challenged the existing institutional legal ordering of procreation turning a technically feasible method of surrogacy into current practice.     

Are social entrepreneurs more risk-averse?

We have a conventional wisdom that risk-seeking behaviours are related to commercially oriented entrepreneurs. For this reason, most studies have focused on the context of commercial entrepreneurship, and thus we do not know the risk propensity of social entrepreneurs. Using the PSM method, contrary to our wisdom, we find that social entrepreneurs tend to more have about 15% risk-seeking propensity than commercial entrepreneurs.     

互联网背景下高校孵化式创业教育及其综合服务平台的构建

提出"孵化式创业教育模式"——该模式在创业教学方式上更加多元化,在创业教育体系上更具开放性和社会互动性。在此基础上,提出构建高校孵化式创业教育综合服务平台的设想,指出该平台通过资源整合帮助创业大学生创造商业价值的运行机制,以及在促进创业大学生嵌入产业网络方面的具体着力点。     

The Origins of Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Kirzner's (1973) theory of entrepreneurship emphasizes the equilibrating role of entrepreneurship. When the market is not in equilibrium, profit opportunities exist, and entrepreneurs discover and act on these profit opportunities to equilibrate the market. Because Kirzner focuses on entrepreneurial actions when profit opportunities exist, and does not describe where they come from, one could imagine a fixed stock of profit opportunities that get used up as entrepreneurs discover them. But new profit opportunities are being created constantly. A taxonomy of the origins of entrepreneurial opportunities includes factors that disequilibrate the market, factors that enhance production possibilities, and most notably, opportunities created from previous acts of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial actions do not use up profit opportunities, but create them, and the critical role of entrepreneurship in the creation of new profit opportunities is emphasized. This line of reasoning leads directly to policy implications regarding the economic environment conducive to entrepreneurial discovery and the role of government in research and development. This paper enhances Kirzner's theory of entrepreneurship by illustrating how entrepreneurship enlarges the stock of future entrepreneurial opportunities, and points to entrepreneurship as the engine of economic progress.