油价、汇价、房价、物价

【香港《亚洲周刊》11月4日】10月19日，纽约期市及股汇市在周末休市前出现大幅震荡。油价最高飙到每桶90．2美元，最后收89．47美元；金价则涨到每盎司771美元的高点；而股市则因适逢“黑色星期一”20周年，三成指数皆告大跌；至于美元汇价则持续下贬，欧元已到达1．4319的新高。这场新的“星期五震荡”让亚洲也随之起伏不定。[第一段]     

服务、协调、维权、自律

为了更好地适应入世新形势，合并重组成立的江苏省进出口商会日益发展，成为联系政府和企业、沟通国内与国际的桥梁。     

香港商情——电子、贸易、汽车、饰品、珠宝、玩具、展会……

珠宝香港成为最重要的国际珍珠贸易中心近年不少国际珍珠拍卖会在香港举行,使香港成为亚洲地区最重要的国际珍珠贸易中心。现时,养珠技术日益成熟,日本、法国、印尼、菲律宾、澳洲以及中国内地等都有不同的珍珠养殖场,全球每年珍珠产量约10亿颗,内地珍珠产     

阶梯定价、实时定价及其潜在影响

针对实施居民用电梯度定价的决定,研究认为,此次电价调整将提高整体电价水平。阶梯定价只是一种调节收入分配的手段,并没有促进电力行业资源的有效配置。对于未来的电价改革,在引入阶梯定价的框架下,仍存在较大的改革空间。可以考虑在阶梯定价中嵌入实时定价,据此可以用多元化的手段实现不同的目标。但这一切依赖于利益相关者是否具有改革的动力。     

市场化程度、盈余管理与银行贷款定价

本文从盈余管理角度考察了财务报告质量对银行贷款定价的影响。研究发现,银行关注了企业报表中的盈余管理问题,盈余管理程度越高,企业获得的贷款利率越高;在市场化程度越高的地区,银行对企业盈余管理行为的识别能力越强。该研究结论不仅为会计信息的经济后果提供了经验证据,同时也暗示了债权人监督的有效性。     

Transfer Pricing: Strategies,Practices, and Tax Minimization

Using a survey of tax executives from multinational corporations, we document that some firms set their transfer pricing strategy to minimize tax payments, but more firms focus on tax compliance. We estimate that a firm focusing on minimizing taxes has a GAAP effective tax rate that is 6.6 percentage points lower and generates about $43 million more in tax savings, on average, than a firm focusing on tax compliance. Available COMPUSTAT data on sample firms confirm our survey‐based inferences. We also find that transfer pricing‐related tax savings are greater when higher foreign income, tax haven use, and R&D activities are combined with a tax minimization strategy. Finally, compliance‐focused firms report lower FIN 48 tax reserves than tax‐minimizing firms, consistent with the former group using less uncertain transfer pricing arrangements. Collectively, our study provides direct evidence that multinational firms have differing internal priorities for transfer pricing, and that these differences are strongly related to the taxes reported by these firms.     

交易成本、组织分权与内部转移定价

在管理会计系统中,转移定价是实现分权和协调组织各部门经营的有效机制.它的作用就是通过对中间产品和服务的定价来反映和促进部门之间的交易,以实现公司利润最大化的目标.文章从交易成本经济学的角度入手分析转移定价的起因,进而结合分权的要求论述转移定价的确认及其应用.     

Pricing to market, firm heterogeneity and the role of quality

We build a pricing-to-market (PTM) model with firm heterogeneity, which allows for imperfect competition and market segmentation in the presence of flexible exchange rates, horizontal and vertical differentiation and different tastes of consumers in destination markets. We derive firm’s pricing behaviour in response to price and quality competition shocks. We show that there is PTM heterogeneity across firms if quality has a role. We empirically assess the main predictions of our theoretical framework on Italian firm-level data. We document that export-domestic price margins are significantly affected by price and quality competitiveness factors even controlling for foreign demand conditions, size, export intensity, destination markets and unobservables. Finally, we provide evidence of strong heterogeneity across firms in their reaction to price and quality competitiveness.     

预算软约束、企业财务风险与审计定价

本文具体考察在上市公司存在预算软约束的情况下,我国的会计师事务所在审计定价时如何考虑上市公司的财务风险.研究结果表明:①事务所的审计收费与上市公司的负债比率之间呈显著的正相关关系;②在国有上市公司中,预算软约束程度的增加降低了公司的财务风险,因此审计收费与公司负债比率之间的正相关关系有所减弱;③在金融发展水平比较高的地区,预算软约束程度的减轻提高了公司的财务风险,因此审计收费与公司负债比率之间的正相关关系有所增强.这一研究结果说明,我国的会计师事务所在审计定价时不仅考虑了上市公司的财务风险,而且还会根据公司的预算软约束程度对其财务风险进行相应的调整.     

汇率传递与企业生产控制模式、出口商品定价策略研究

本文从中国企业的生产控制模式入手,建立不同生产控制模式企业在人民币升值条件下的出口商品定价模式与策略.这些不同的模式与策略决定了人民币汇率传递程度的不同.     

Evidence of Industry Scale Effects on Audit Hours,Billing Rates,and Pricing

Using a proprietary data set consisting of all private firm audit engagements in 2000 from one Big 4 firm in Belgium, we investigate (i) whether audit office industry scale is associated with a reduction of total, partner, and staff audit hours and thus with efficiency gains triggered by organizational learning from servicing more clients in an industry and (ii) whether the extent of efficiency pass‐on from the auditor to its clients depends on the audit firm's market power. We find that auditor office industry scale is associated with efficiency gains and a reduction of the variable costs (i.e., fewer total audit hours, partner hours, and staff hours), ceteris paribus. Our results also suggest that, on average, realized efficiencies are entirely passed on, as evidenced by a nonsignificant effect of auditor industry scale on the auditor's billing rate. Furthermore, we find that the extent of the efficiency pass‐on decreases with the market power of the audit firm in the industry market segment as we document a higher billing rate for auditors with high market power (versus low market power). In addition, we find that the lower audit hours associated with auditor industry scale do not compromise audit quality.