Social Investing: Mainstream or Backwater?

Social investing, though not yet fully mainstream, has the potential to obtain such status. Questions relating to the future of social investing include the following. (1) What properly falls within the ambit of social investing? Assuming that no single definition of social responsibility is feasible, what then are the limits? (2) What do we need to know about investor psychology concerning social investing? What motivates people to buy socially screened investments and why do they sometimes act inconsistently? (3) How can we improve the measures of social performance? Is it possible to develop GAAP and GAAS equivalents for social reporting? (4) Should social reports by firms be audited? If so, how? (5) What sorts of public policies are necessary to support the social screening of investments?     

人口老龄化对老年社会保障及社会服务提出的挑战

根据最新统计资料,就某些发达国家和中国的人口老龄化对社会保障的影响问题作了研究。人口老龄化的社会经济影响主要体现在社会保障的问题上,由于人口老龄化,特别是正规职业人口的老龄化导致退休金、医疗保障和老年人的服务问题成为普遍性的社会问题,解决这些问题成为我国社会保障制度建设重点所在。     

黑龙江省社会保障基金电子政务管理网络审计监督系统研究

网络经济对审计理论与审计实务产生了深远影响,在很大程度上促使了审计的创新。我国电子政务管理网络正在全方位建设,“金字工程”建设中的“金审工程”正在设想中.运用计算机技术、数据库技术、计算机网络互联技术和现代通信技术的方法和手段,实施对社会保障基金管理运营的审计监督,正是为我国“金审工程”中对社会保障基金管理运营网络实施审计监督构建平台,以便充分发挥审计机关的职能。因此,开展计算机网络审计对社会保障基金进行审计监督是刻不容缓的。     

A Corporate Social Responsibility Audit within a Quality Management Framework

In this paper a corporate social responsibility audit is developed following the underlying methodology of the quality award/excellence models. Firstly the extent to which the quality awards already incorporate the development of social responsibility is examined by looking at the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the European Quality Award. It will be shown that the quality awards do not yet include ethical aspects in relation to social responsibility. Both a clear definition of social responsibility and an improved audit instrument are required. A definition and an audit instrument are developed which stimulate movement in that direction and help organisations to reflect on their position in relation to social responsibility.     

The Role of the Global Reporting Initiative's Sustainability Reporting Guidelines in the Social Screening of Investments

Social screening of investments calls not only for investment policy and criteria, but also for information about companies, their policies, practices and performance. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and its June 2000 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines have the potential to significantly improve the usefulness and quality of information reported by companies about their environmental, social and economic impacts and performance. The GRI aims to develop a voluntary reporting framework that will elevate sustainability reporting practices to a level equivalent to that of financial reporting in rigour, comparability, auditability and general acceptance. This will be a welcome and efficient supplement to the questionnaires, interviews, press releases, media reports and other sources of information traditionally used for screening in investment decision making – social/ethical and mainstream. The Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index, the Jantzi Social Index and the Innovest EcoValue'21 analytical platform, together with the SRI community, are all likely to benefit from GRI-style sustainability reports. One of the GRI's key challenges is to accommodate the broad variety of disclosure needs and expectations of a wide range of report users and company stakeholders. To maximize the usefulness of the GRI Guidelines, report users, including the SRI community, need to be engaged in the process of developing and refining the Guidelines over time. The GRI Guidelines are emerging as an important instrument in enabling companies to communicate with their stakeholders about performance and accountability beyond just the financial bottom line.     

基于审计全覆盖的政府审计购买社会服务研究

审计机关的资源不足严重制约着审计全覆盖的实现,政府审计利用社会审计的资源成为实现审计全覆盖的重要路径.文章对政府审计购买社会服务的必要性、可行性、存在的问题及原因进行分析,并为促进审计机关向社会购买审计服务提出相应对策.     

Corporate Social Responsibility Audit: From Theory to Practice

This research examines the possibility of developing a new corporate social responsibility (CSR) auditing system based on the analysis of current CSR literature and interviews conducted with a number of interested and knowledgeable stakeholders. This work attempts to create a framework for social responsibility auditing compatible with an existing commercially successful environmental audit system. The project is unusual in that it tackles the complex issue of CSR auditing with a scientific approach using Grounded Theory. On the evidence discovered to date in the literature review and the interviews, CSR seems to be perceived by many as the social strand of sustainable development. However, there is far less agreement regarding its measurement. Both the literature review and the interview analysis indicate that developing an applied CSR auditing procedure will be a challenging task. This is principally due to the lack of formal study of this complex subject, which, despite the widespread debate it has engendered, still lacks a single and broadly accepted definition. The concepts developed from the findings of this research, together with the key factors identified in a literature review of CSR, were developed into a prospective CSR audit protocol.     

Socially Responsible Investing: A Critical Appraisal

This paper makes three important points regarding socially responsible investing. First, the current methodology involving SRI fund divestiture of the securities of firms that engage in socially irresponsible activity often results in unacceptable unintended consequences. Second, in many cases the proper methodolgy for SRI funds may be purposely to include the securities of such firms in the portfolio in an effort to internalize socially irresponsible interfirm spillovers. Finally, that SRI fund managers may be able to bond their performance by organizing as closed-end funds subject to takeover and liquidation if the stated socially responsible objectives are not met.     

社会信息化水平评价体系模型:基于社会福利角度的构建

在界定社会信息化内涵的基础上,提出了社会信息化的福利目标,并从社会福利最大化的角度来评价社会信息化的基本水平。同时从社会信息化客观水平、信息化观念、信息化制度安排三个方面弄清社会信息化政策与社会信息化的互动效应,进而提出了社会信息化的福利函数。     

基于社会资本的企业家群体研究

本文基于社会网络理论,通过研究温州和宁波两地企业家集群产生的过程,分析社会资本如何促进大规模的企业家集群产生。研究表明:企业家个人的社会资本在区域文化、共同价值观和群体信任的发酵下结成社会网络,并促使更多企业家产生且形成企业家集群;温州企业家社会网络具有强联系、同质性和自组织的特点,创业倾向集体行动,依赖本地资源,产业升级代际锁定;宁波企业家社会网络具有弱联系、异质性和他组织的特点,外部资源掌控力强,容易引发产业升级。     

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Social Enterprise

In this article, we contend that due to their size and emphasis upon addressing external social concerns, the corporate relationship between social enterprises, social awareness and action is more complex than whether or not these organisations engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR). This includes organisations that place less emphasis on CSR as well as other organisations that may be very proficient in CSR initiatives, but are less successful in recording practices. In this context, we identify a number of internal CSR markers that may be applied to measuring the extent to which internal CSR practices are being observed. These considerations may be contrasted with the evidence that community based CSR activities is often well developed in private sector small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) (Observatory of European SMEs, 2002), a situation which may be replicated in social enterprises especially those that have grown from micro-enterprises embedded in local communities. We place particular emphasis upon the implications for employee management. Underpinning our position is the Aristotelian-informed capabilities approach, a theory of human development and quality of life, developed by Sen (1992; 1999) and Nussbaum (1999) which has been developed further, in an organisational context, (e.g., Cornelius, 2002); Cornelius and Gagnon, 2004; Gagnon and Cornelius, 1999; Vogt, 2005. We contend that the capabilities approach offers additional insights into CSR in social enterprises in general and internal CSR activity in particular. Our article concludes with proposals for future research initiatives and reflections upon social enterprise development from a capabilities perspective.     

Social Media Index Valuation: Impact of Technological,Social, Economic,and Ethical Dimensions

Marketing practitioners have recognized a growing need to measure consumer-generated social media in a standard way since there are numerous social media indicators in use, making intra- and inter-company comparisons difficult. This paper identifies four social media dimensions for measurement and evaluation: technological, social, economic, and ethical; and, subsequently, measures social media. The study makes a contribution to social media literature by using analytic hierarchy process of developing a mathematical model for social media index valuation. The “social media composite index number” will serve as an industry benchmark signifying the organization's share and commitment to social media.     

社会责任会计目标的探讨

会计目标属于会计理论结构的最高层次,它既是会计理论体系的起点,又是会计理论体系的终点。社会责任会计作为会计学的分支,必然也要以社会责任会计目标作为最高层次。在现阶段我国社会责任会计目标设定的原则下,探讨社会责任会计目标的构成,我国现阶段社会责任会计目标应包括两大层次。     

我国社会保障制度建设问题研究

社会保障制度是否完善,是一国社会经济是否发达的重要标志,更是一国能否保持社会长治久安的基础.长期以来,我国政府致力于建设全方位的社会保障体系,取得了重大成绩,但也出现了一些问题.通过研究这些问题并提出相应对策措施,对我国进一步加强社会保障制度建设,实现社会经济全面稳定和持续发展的目标有着非常积极的意义.     

企业的社会责任

本文认为,企业的社会责任应从三个方面来认识。第一,企业最重要的社会责任是为社会提供优质的产品、优质的服务,出人才、出经验。如果企业能够给社会提供优质的产品,我们的产品就能走向全世界;能够提供优质的服务,我们就能吸引各国的客户到这里来;能够出人才,我们的企业管理人才就将通过自己的企业培养出来;能够出经验,我们这个经验就能够为其他企业所用。第二,企业必须重视经济增长的质量。在经济增长的同时,至少把自己的废水、废气、废渣处理了,减少企业所在地区的污染,改善环境。第三,企业要为社会的和谐作出贡献。不但要关心自己企业的职工,还要关心所在的社区。互助、互爱、互信,社会才能取得和谐。     

A History of Scandinavian Socially Responsible Investing

This article contributes to the literature on national varieties of socially responsible investment (SRI) by demonstrating how Scandinavian SRI developed from the 60s and onwards. Combining findings on Scandinavian SRI with insights from previous research and institutional theory, the article accounts for the role of changes in societal values and norms, the mechanisms by which SRI practices spread, and how investors adopt and transform practices to suit their surrounding institutional contexts. Especially, the article draws attention to how different categories of investors act as institutional entrepreneurs during specific historical periods, and how these roles come to shift as institutional rule systems of varying societal levels change. Thus, the insights gained are useful in the future research agenda concerned with advancing knowledge on idiosyncrasies and commonalities of national SRI manifestations, and to understand the reasons underlying such characteristics.     

企业社会责任风险管理研究

企业面临着越来越多来自利益相关的压力．分析了企业由于承担的社会责任不合理所导致的社会责任风险,介绍了企业进行社会责任风险管理的一般流程,希望通过本文引起对社会责任风险研究的重视。     

The Social Pedagogy of Wall Street: Stock Trading as Political Activism?

In this paper, it is argued that the connectivity of the networked market permits market participants to perceive causal relationships between consumer behaviour and its effects on others. The thesis is put forward that the globally networked markets of the information age give birth to new cognitive structures that underlie consumers’ novel sense of responsibility, aid the re-orientation of consumers’ self-interest, and inculcate in consumers what historian Thomas Haskell calls humanitarian sensibility. Drawing from interviews with individual online investors, a model of the market is presented that posits the market as a source of social consciousness and moral decision-making. Furthermore, it is illustrated that individual online investors often incorporate such sensibilities into their consumer decision-making. Based on these results, the authors propose a corrective to the current trend among economists, social scientists and consumer researchers to conceive of the market as a threat to consumer autonomy, social and moral responsibility and an enlightened citizenry. Instead, it is asserted that the market has many faces, one of which, specifically the globally networked market, provides possibilities to recognize and perform consumption as a critical, moral and socially conscious political act.     

基于销售定额的信息甄别模型和差别工资

根据不同能力类型的销售人员具有不同形状的效用曲线这一假设．建立了信息甄别模型来研究销售人员的报酬激励机制,证明了分离均衡是该模型唯一的均衡,并且优于混同均衡,得出以差别工资制取代统一工资制可以提高管理效率,减少了雇佣双方由于信息不对称带来的无谓损失,其结果具有一定的理论和实际意义。