我国货币政策的银行风险承担渠道检验——基于GMM实证研究

基于我国72家商业银行2006-2013年面板数据,构建商业银行在资产和负债选择上的风险承担代理变量,运用GMM方法,检验我国货币政策的银行风险承担渠道的完整性。实证结果表明,我国货币政策的银行风险承担渠道整体上看是存在的,且受宏观经济和微观银行特征影响:一方面,扩张性的货币政策对银行风险承担的激励表现在资产选择行为上,而非负债选择行为;另一方面,银行资产风险承担上升会引起信贷投放增加,而负债风险承担增加会鼓励信贷投放减少。这意味着从金融稳定角度看,货币政策非中性。因此,我国在进行宏观审慎管理制度框架下的货币政策设计时,应当兼顾金融稳定目标。     

我国货币政策的银行风险承担效应研究——基于中观层面的结构视角

货币政策与金融稳定的关系在后金融危机时代受到广泛关注,催生货币政策风险承担渠道成为研究热点.学术界对货币政策风险承担效应缺乏理论模型研究,而实证研究集中在银行、贷款等微观层面,极个别考虑了银行业宏观层面,但缺乏中观层面的结构视角分析.本文构建的资产组合理论框架表明,宽松的货币政策会通过加大商业银行的风险偏好和风险资产的风险溢价两种途径加大商业银行的风险承担.基于我国商业银行体系分产业、分行业、分省、分机构的逐步回归和可变系数回归等实证分析,验证了货币政策银行风险承担效应的存在,并测出了分产业、分行业、分省、分机构的结构性差异.     

我国商业银行结构特征对货币政策的信贷反应研究

本文对中国人民银行实施货币政策间接调控以来我国融资结构、贷款结构及增速特征的变动趋势进行了分析;构建了影响商业银行贷款决策的三个主要特征指标;通过将上述特征指标引入CC-LM模型,建立了商业银行信贷对货币政策反应的Panel Data模型.实证结果表明,我国商业银行的货币政策信贷反应方向与货币政策调控方向一致,股份制银行的货币政策信贷反应程度高于四大国有商业银行;四大国有商业银行的资本充足程度明显地影响其货币政策的信贷反应强度,股份制商业银行的规模和流动性明显地影响其货币政策的信贷反应强度.     

我国信贷供给的空间聚集与区域效应研究

本文基于金融地理的视角,采用面板数据的空间计量方法,探究近年来货币政策对各省区信贷投放的不对称影响.结果显示,地理空间效应对国内区域信贷影响显著,我国区域信贷投放表现出区域聚集和地域依赖的特征.在此基础上进一步分析表明,现行货币政策的统一性形成了明显的区域差异,降低了货币政策执行的有效性;货币数量控制政策和价格控制政策,对区域信贷投放作用效果并不一样,甚至可能相互削弱、抵消,其背后是商业银行微观行为的结果.     

数字金融是否影响商业银行风险承担——基于中国170家商业银行的证据

本文选取2011—2018年中国170家商业银行年度数据,构建面板回归模型考察数字金融对银行风险承担的影响及其作用机制。研究表明:数字金融对银行风险承担有促进作用;相对于国有银行与城农商行,数字金融对股份制银行风险承担的促进力度更大。数字金融通过影响银行收入结构来影响银行风险承担,“数字金融-收入结构-银行风险承担”的传导渠道有效。银行竞争度提高会减弱数字金融对银行主动风险承担的促进作用,但对数字金融与银行被动风险承担关系的调节作用无效;宽松货币政策会加剧数字金融对银行风险承担的促进作用。金融监管力度加大会减弱数字金融对银行风险承担的促进作用,金融监管的风险约束有效。该成果可为防控中国银行业信贷风险提供理论指导与决策参考。     

信贷资产证券化、杠杆率与银行风险承担

选取2012-2020年中国170家商业银行年度数据，对信贷资产证券化对银行风险承担的影响及其作用机制进行了实证分析。研究表明：信贷资产证券化对银行风险承担具有促进作用，相对于国有银行与城农商行，信贷资产证券化对股份制银行风险承担的促进力度更大；杠杆率在信贷资产证券化与银行风险承担的关系中承担着中介作用，信贷资产证券化主要通过提高银行杠杆率渠道来促进银行风险承担，“信贷资产证券化-杠杆率-银行风险承担”的传导渠道有效；宏观审慎政策对两者关系具有负向调节作用，宏观审慎政策力度提高会减弱信贷资产证券化对银行风险承担的促进作用；宏观经济景气度对两者关系具有负向调节作用，宏观经济景气度提高会减弱信贷资产证券化对银行风险承担的促进作用。     

金融科技对股份制商业银行违约风险的实证研究——基于KMV模型及面板数据

随着对新兴技术的革新与应用，催生了一批金融科技工具，给人们生活带来极大便利的同时也给传统商业银行带来一定的违约风险。文章应用KMV模型估计了选取的11家A股上市股份制商业银行样本在2012—2020年各年的期望违约率，并以该指标来衡量其违约风险，进一步探究了金融科技的发展与股份制商业银行违约风险之间的关系，实证结果表明：（1）整体而言，金融科技的发展增大了国内股份制商业银行的违约风险。（2）阶段性而言，金融科技的发展对股份制商业银行违约风险的影响趋势呈现倒U型曲线关系，即金融科技发展的前期阶段，会增大股份制商业银行的违约风险，后期则会降低其违约风险。最后，根据所得出的结论提出了相关政策建议。     

信贷渠道传导机制有效性研究

金融危机以来,我国经济金融形势脱离常态,货币政策的传导机制受到冲击.本文采用动态面板数据分析法,经验检验了金融危机以来我国货币政策的信贷传导机制的有效性.计量结果表明:商业银行资产规模和流动性这两个微观特征变量对信贷供给有显著影响,存款准备金率对商业银行信贷供给变动的作用明显,而中央银行货币净投放政策效果不大,货币政策变量与商业银行微观特征变量的交叉项系数不显著,可能原因是经济刺激政策、金融创新及影子银行扭曲了货币政策的信贷传导机制.     

影子银行与货币政策传导

本文在DNK-DSGE框架下引入了包含影子银行的金融中介部门,将影子银行视为商业银行信贷投放体系在高风险领域的延伸,并探究了该中介体系对于货币政策传导有效性的影响。本文的研究发现,正向的利率冲击虽然抑制了商业银行信贷并降低了低风险企业的杠杆,却引起影子银行体系的扩张以及高风险企业的加杠杆行为,负向的利率冲击则恰好相反。影子银行呈现明显的逆周期特征,在对传统间接融资体系形成有益补充的同时,也削弱了货币政策的有效性。此外,影子银行经营者的风险偏好以及经营者、所有者之间的代理问题会对影子银行利率和宏观经济变量产生明显的影响。     

货币政策与审慎监管的配合机制研究

本文立足宏观审慎思想将货币政策立场和资本充足率要求引入信贷传导模型,拓展剖释货币政策立场对银行信贷行为的影响及其与宏观审慎工具的配合机理,并以2001-2013年37家商业银行为样本进行经验分析.结果发现:宽松的货币政策立场会促使商业银行提高风险偏好,增大信贷投放,加剧其亲周期性,反之亦然;货币供给调整、货币政策立场转变时,“大而不倒”的系统重要性银行响应尤为积极;逆周期资本缓冲要求能够有效抑制银行体系的顺周期性和系统重要性银行的高风险承担.因此,货币当局需兼顾调控目标和稳定需求,全面研判银行体系的复杂性,谨慎选配政策工具,精准操控旋钮力度,有序牵引银行信贷行为和信贷规模,提升货币政策调控的稳妥性与针对性.     

货币政策立场与银行风险承担——基于中国银行业的实证研究(2000—2010)

本文基于中国2000—2010年间的经济金融数据,应用动态面板系统广义矩法,考察我国货币政策立场对银行风险承担的影响。结果显示,货币政策立场显著影响银行风险承担,且受市场结构及商业银行资产负债表特征的影响。这说明从金融稳定的视角来看,货币政策并非中性,我国应将货币政策纳入宏观审慎监管框架,加强其与金融监管政策的协调配合,以促进经济金融稳定。     

金融危机、货币政策与信贷供给*——基于公司层面银行信贷数据的经验研究

不同的银行特征会对金融危机和货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道产生异质性影响。本文运用2001-2015年公司层面银行信贷数据实证检验了我国货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道,随后进一步研究金融危机对不同特征银行信贷供给的影响差异。经验研究发现：我国货币政策银行信贷渠道主要通过非国有控股银行传导,并引起不同资产负债表特征银行信贷供给的异质性反应。银行规模越大、流动性越强、资本充足率越高,银行信贷供给对货币政策越不敏感。金融危机期间,银行信贷渠道的传导效率显著降低,高资本充足水平的银行和国有控股银行受金融危机的冲击较小,并且宽松的货币政策对国有控股银行信贷供给调控的效率更高。     

The effect of US stress tests on monetary policy spillovers to emerging markets

This paper explores the transmission of US monetary policy through US banks to emerging market economies (EMEs) and the role that stress tests play in this transmission. Data on US banks’ monthly commercial and industrial loan originations shows that: (a) US bank lending to EMEs was sensitive to domestic monetary policy changes during the zero‐lower bound period. (b) Effects of monetary easing were heterogeneous across banks and depended on banks’ stress test results, a proxy for their capital strength. Only banks that comfortably passed the stress tests issued more loans to EME borrowers. (c) Effects of monetary tightening were more similar across banks. (d) Banks shifted their lending to safer borrowers within EMEs in response to monetary easing, leaving the risk of their overall loan books unchanged. These results support the hypothesis that bank capital affects the transmission of easier monetary policy, including across borders. We conjecture that bank lending to EMEs during the zero‐lower bound period would have been even higher had the United States not introduced stress tests for their banks.     

货币政策能否促进银行对小微企业信贷投放——基于宏观经济不确定视角的研究

本文研究在宏观经济不确定条件下,不同货币政策工具能否促进银行对小微企业信贷投放。首先,将货币政策引入考虑了宏观经济不确定性的银行资产组合模型中,论证货币政策、宏观经济不确定性与银行信贷资产配置的理论关系。然后利用我国181家银行2004—2018年的数据,检验在宏观经济不确定条件下,不同货币政策工具对银行小微企业信贷行为调控的作用效果。研究结果表明：宏观经济不确定性会抑制银行信贷行为。其中小微企业信贷占比较大的银行受到的影响更为显著。与数量型货币政策相比,价格型货币政策能够更显著地减轻不确定性对银行小微信贷的消极影响。其中银行同业拆借利率的调控效果最强。研究结论对于选择适宜的货币政策工具促进银行向小微企业信贷投放,化解经济不确定性对银行信贷行为的影响并助力小微企业发展等具有政策借鉴意义。     

What Do Data Say About Monetary Policy,Bank Liquidity and Bank Risk Taking?

This paper tests empirically the linkage between banks' investment and interbank lending decisions in response to interest rate changes. We draw conclusions for the monetary policy, which uses the interest rate as its main tool. Across European countries we find that the risk-free (i.e. monetary policy) interest rate negatively affects the liquidity retained by banks and the decision of a bank to be a lender in the interbank market. Instead, the interbank interest rate has a positive impact on these decisions. We also find that banks who lend show less risk-taking behaviour and tend to be smaller than those who are borrowers. Most importantly, the risk-free interest rate is positively correlated with loans investment and bank risk-taking behaviour.     

Political incentives and the effectiveness of monetary policy: evidence from China’s city commercial banks

From the perspective of official-and-director (OAD), this article takes studies of the effect of monetary policy on bank loans to the heterogeneity of bank. We explore how political incentives affect the lending channel of monetary policy transmission, using a sample of China’s city commercial banks during 2006–2014. And we further analyse the role of OAD’s characteristics, including administrative rank and age. The results indicate that although tight monetary policy can reduce bank loans, the OAD can weaken this relationship, and the higher is the administrative rank of OAD, the larger is the effect. And the older is OAD, the larger is the effect. More importantly, the relationship between monetary policy and bank loan is insignificant in banks with OAD, implying that the lending channel of monetary policy is absent when considering the role of OAD.     

国库现金转存商业银行的货币政策效应研究——基于Hollenhorst扩展框架的分析

本文构建了国库现金转存商业银行对货币政策影响的分析框架,研究表明,国库现金转存商业银行的货币政策效应主要取决于存款扩张乘数、国库现金抵押需求、公众贷款需求和国库现金存款形成的贷款对国内商品和服务的需求水平等因素。存款扩张乘数越大,国库现金对商业银行信贷水平的影响就越强。国库现金存款的抵押债券需求比例对信贷供给造成了反向影响,抵押比例越高,商业银行必须留出越多的储备购买债券,从而政府国库现金存款的增加可能导致信贷增量的下降。在平滑国库现金影响的政策选择上,中央银行表现出一定的被动性,通过制定国库现金存款的区别法定准备金率是中央银行调控国库现金影响货币政策的重要手段。     

The role of banks in the Czech monetary policy transmission mechanism

With this work, I aim to enrich the knowledge about the monetary policy transmission mechanism in the Czech Republic with empirical evidence on the impact of monetary policy on bank lending. Using a panel of quarterly time series for Czech commercial banks for the period 1996–2001, I study the overall effect of monetary policy changes on the growth rate of loans and the characteristics of the supply of loans. The characterization of the credit market's supply side allows us to make inferences on the operativeness of the credit channel (the bank lending channel and the broad credit channel) of the monetary transmission mechanism. I find that changes in monetary policy alter the growth rate of loans, with considerably stronger magnitude in the period 1999–2001 than in the period 1996–1998. From the analysis intended to capture the characteristics of the supply of loans, I conclude that the lending channel was operative in the period 1996–1998: I find cross‐sectional differences in the lending reactions to monetary policy shocks due to the degree of capitalization and to liquidity. For the subsequent period 1999–2001, the results also show distributional effects of monetary policy due to bank size and its bank's proportion of classified loans. In the context of steadily decreasing interest rates, this can bolster the supposition of financial frictions between borrowers and lenders and hence, that of an operative broad credit channel.     

POLONIA dynamics during the years 2006–2012 and the effectiveness of the monetary Policy of the National Bank of Poland

In the study we investigate the effectiveness of the National Bank of Poland in counteracting the negative results of the financial crisis in the Polish interbank market. The situation was exceptional in a sense, that during the period of the financial crisis the Polish interbank market experienced liquidity surplus, and the main problem of the central bank was to regain confidence among commercial banks and stimulate interbank transactions. We concentrate on the spread between the rate of overnight interbank loans and the reference rate and based upon its dynamics we assess the monetary policy of the Polish central bank. Using econometric techniques we study how the central bank influenced the spread, when its control over it weakened and when was it strengthened. The study is supported by the results of the survey directed to the headquarters of commercial banks. We conclude that the ability of the central bank to control overnight rate was temporarily lost during the first phases of the financial crisis, but gradually regained after implementation of the confidence pact.     

准备金政策新框架与内需结构调整

因存款准备金制度软化、存款准备金减少带来了货币政策低效或无效的局面。通过中央银行对商业银行的资产各项贷款征收法定准备金,构建了一个准备金政策新框架,可用来分析货币政策的需求结构效应,以实现针对性地调节总需求结构。并且,实行贷款准备金政策可以消减存款准备金的制度缺陷、重建准备金制度的威力、强化货币政策的效果。