城市化进程中西部地区农户的迁移意愿分析——对成都市农户的实证研究

本文利用实证研究的方法,以成都市3个区(县)的237个农户的调查数据为依据,对影响农户迁移决策的主要因素进行了计量经济分析。研究表明,农户的迁移决策受到户主的学龄、户主的职业类型、家庭是否有学龄儿童、人均耕地面积、交通状况、外出劳动力比例、本地非农就业机会等多种因素的影响,并随着这些因素的变化而不断变化。在做迁移决策时,农户综合考虑了各种因素的影响,其行为是理性的。     

天山北坡经济带农户农地流转行为影响因素分析  ———以玛纳斯县为例

该文以新疆天山北坡经济带上经济发展最为活跃的玛纳斯县为例,对369户农户进行入户调查, 通过建立农地流转行为与各变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从农户特征、农户资源禀赋以及农地流转特征等 三方面分析了农户农地转出和转入行为的影响因素。结果表明:年流转租金、流转年限和家庭单位耕地面 积纯收入、户主对农业经营风险认知和农户类型显著地影响了农户土地转入行为;而年流转租金、户主年 龄和流转年限、家庭非农业劳动力人数和非农业劳动力年人均收入构成了对农户土地转出行为的显著的影 响因素。     

退耕还林地区农户退耕意愿研究——对陕西省农户的实证研究

以陕西省米脂、安塞和麟游3个县的205个农户的实地调查数据为依据,对影响农户退耕还林意愿的主要因素进行了计量经济分析。研究表明,农户的退耕意愿受到户主的年龄、受教育程度和交通状况、是否有村干部亲戚、农户收入变动等多种因素的影响,并随着这些因素的变化而不断变化。在做退耕决策时,农户考虑各种因素的影响,其行为总体来看是理性的。     

影响农户水稻品种认知的因素分析——基于江苏省水稻种植农户的调查数据

农户对农作物品种的认知直接影响其农业生产活动的效率，对于农户重复购买优良品种、扩大优良品种的种植面积非常有利。本文利用实证研究方法，以江苏省22县（市）367个农户的调查数据为依据，对农户水稻品种认知的影响因素进行了计量经济分析。研究表明，农户水稻品种认知的影响因素主要有：农业生产决策者是否户主、性别、是否兼业，农户水稻种植面积，农户购种对象，农户所处经济区域，农户换种是否因为种子广告、是否因为农技人员推荐以及是否因为政府良种补贴政策等，农户水稻品种认知随着这些因素的变化而变化。     

农户参与土地流转的行为及影响因素研究——以奇台县为例

以新疆维吾尔自治区昌吉回族自治州奇台县为样本区调研,对375户农户进行入户调查,通过建立Logistic二元回归模型,分析比较各变量与土地流转行为之间的关系。从农户个体与家庭特征、农户资源禀赋、流转情况3个方面分析农户转入与转出行为的影响因素。实证结果显示,户主年龄、家庭人口数、家庭现有耕地面积、非农业收入占比4个因素对农户转入行为有显著影响;户主受教育程度、非农业收入占比两个因素对农户转出土地行为有显著影响。     

农户过量施肥风险认知及规避能力的影响因素分析——基于江汉平原284个农户的问卷调查

本文利用对江汉平原实地问卷调查所得的数据,对农户过量施肥风险认知及规避能力进行评价,并采用Probit模型对农户过量施肥风险认知及规避能力的影响因素进行实证分析。结果显示,家庭非农就业人数、户主性别、户主受教育程度、土地是否租用、户主从事农业生产年数、是否接受过科学施肥技术培训等是农户过量施肥风险认知及规避能力的主要影响因素。     

黑龙江省土地转出行为分析——基于13个地市47个村的调研数据

本文基于黑龙江省13个地市47个村的调研数据,运用Logistic回归分析法实证研究了黑龙江省农户土地转出意愿及其影响因素。结果表明,户主年龄、户主受教育程度、农户家庭人口规模、户均经营土地面积、种植业收入比重以及农户对涉农政策的了解程度对土地转出意愿有显著影响;家庭非农就业比例、土地转出租金、农户村庄到县区距离以及农户是否享受农业直补对土地转出意愿影响不显著。     

新疆番茄产业中农户参与订单农业的影响因素分析

本文利用新疆天山北坡经济带中部地区5个县(市)481个番茄种植户的调查数据,对影响番茄种植户参与订单农业行为的因素进行了计量经济分析。分析结果表明,农户的经营规模、对订单农业的了解程度以及政府的支持对农户参与订单农业有显著的促进作用;随着户主年龄、户主文化程度、家庭劳动力人数以及番茄产业经营年数的增加,农户参与订单农业的可能性将减小;农户所处地区对农户是否参与订单农业也有显著影响。     

农户林地流转行为的关键影响因素研究

文章基于480位农户的问卷调查数据,利用二元Probit模型,识别农户林地流转行为的关键影响因素,分析结果为:户主年龄、家庭年收入以及林地流转年限对农户林地流转行为具有显著的负面影响;户主文化程度、林地块数、是否拥有林权证、林地流转政府支持度、林地流转程序便利度、是否参加林业合作组织、林地价格以及林地流转模式对农户林地流转行为具有显著的正面影响。     

初中阶段农户子女辍学行为影响因素分析——以闽北农村地区为例

本文以农村地区初中阶段子女作为研究对象,采用Logistic模型,对农户子女辍学行为的影响因素进行了分析。实证分析结果表明,父亲和母亲的受教育程度、户主职业、子女个数、家中是否有病人以及子女个人特征诸变量对农户子女辍学行为有显著影响;但是,反映家庭经济约束条件的土地面积、家庭人均纯收入以及反映子女教育负担的教育支出诸变量对农户子女辍学行为的影响较小。     

Smallholder participation in the land rental market in a mountainous region of Southern China: Impact of population aging,land tenure security and ethnicity

Rural land rental markets in China play an increasingly important role in the transformation of the agricultural sector. This study focuses on the rural land rental market in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Southern China, a mountainous region, where rapid changes in land use have taken place with the transition from traditional agriculture and a tropical rainforest to rubber monoculture. Notably, we assess the impacts of population aging, land tenure security, and ethnicity on the participation of smallholders in the land rental market. The analysis suggests that a higher proportion of older people in a household increases the likelihood of renting out land and reduces the probability of renting in land, implying that population aging fosters land rental market development by transferring land from older to younger farmers. We also confirm that the availability of a land tenure certificate has a significant and positive impact on the renting out of land. Furthermore, ethnic minority groups are less likely to rent out land, indicating that land rental markets are ethnic sensitive. Additionally, specialization in rubber farming, household wealth and the altitude of household location also influence participation in the land rental market.     

农户分化对农村宅基地退出行为影响研究 ——基于江苏省1456个农户的调查

研究目的:揭示农户分化视角下农户宅基地退出行为的影响因素。研究方法:文献资料法和Logistic模型分析法。研究结果:农户分化是农户退出宅基地行为发生的主要诱因,这一行为还取决于被调查者自身和家庭禀赋条件以及由此带来的产权安全感知差异。研究结论:应该充分考虑异质化农户的行为差异,促进经济落后地区宅基地有偿退出机制的发展和完善,并将就业能力提升、农地流转、住房保障、权益保护与宅基地退出制度安排有效匹配,从而进一步促进闲置宅基地退出和土地资源优化配置。     

FOOD SECURITY IN KWAZULU: RESULTS OF A HOUSEHOLD-BASED PROGRAMMING MODEL

A mathematical programming model of rural KwaZulu, excluding three northern districts, was developed to simulate agricultural production in regions of high and low cropping potential. This model aggregates enterprise levels predicted for four representative households of which two are in the high-potential region and two in the low-potential region. Several economic scenarios are simulated with the model to predict, inter alia, responses to changes in cereal prices, input subsidies, changes in off-farm employment and a rental market for crop land. Long-run food supply response is estimated to be inelastic with respect to changes in product and input prices. Higher food prices harm the majority of rural households. Lower input prices have little impact on household welfare. Conversely, it is predicted that a rental market for arable land could have a large positive impact on crop production and would improve household welfare.     

中国农户在农地流转市场上能否如愿以偿?——流转市场的交易成本考察

农地流转是实现规模经营的重要途径,尽管中国农地流转市场发展迅速,但农户在流转市场上能否转入自己想要转入数量的土地尚无人关注。本文利用全国6省1200户2000年和2008年追踪调查数据实证分析农户的流转意愿多大程度上可以在流转市场上得以实现,进而考察流转市场交易成本的存在性、对称性和动态性。研究表明,中国农地流转市场存在明显的交易成本,因此流转市场是不完善的。具体结论:第一,流转市场存在明显进入门槛,进入市场后农户也无法实现完全调整,转入户2000年和2008年分别能实现调整意愿的24%和37%,高于转出户的19%和18%;第二,流转市场的交易成本存在非对称性,转入户比转出户面临的交易门槛高,但进入市场后转入户调整意愿实现程度高于转出户;第三,从2000年到2008年,流转市场的交易门槛显著降低了,但进入市场后调整意愿实现程度并没有显著提高;第四,农资设备和劳动力等要素市场的不完善程度更严重,因此农地流转市场发挥了将土地这种"不能移动"的要素移动起来以迎合那些"本该移动"的要素功能,提高了资源配置效率。政府应进一步提高农地产权稳定性,降低流转市场交易成本,加快农业生产社会化服务业发展,完善农村劳动力市场。     

Urban proximity,demand for land and land shadow prices in Malawi

We assess the spatial and intertemporal variation in farmland prices using per hectare minimum willingness to accept (WTA) sales and rental (shadow) prices in Malawi. We use three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), collected in 2010, 2013 and 2016. The sample is split in quintiles based on distance from the nearest major city, building on the land valuation and transaction cost theory, and agrarian political economy perspectives on global and national land transactions. Generally, farmland shadow prices decrease with distance from urban areas. However, farmland shadow sales prices increased more sharply between 2010 and 2013 in rural areas (+100 % vs +30 % in urban proximity). The results indicate that the sharp increase in demand for large-scale land transfers following the sharp increase in energy and food prices also affected rural smallholders’ land valuation, even in remote rural areas of Malawi. Conversely, by 2016 land shadow sales prices were again, like in 2010, about three times as high in areas near urban centres compared to remote rural areas. Even though sales prices declined in remote rural areas from 2013 to 2016, rental prices remained high. Using farm household-level population pressure variable, we show that local population pressure is a driver of farmland shadow prices, indicating land scarcity challenges, growing demand for land, and poorly developed land markets. With increasing land scarcity, land markets are becoming more important and need to be factored in when formulating development policies that aim to improve access to land in both peri-urban and rural areas.     

Land rental markets and labor productivity: Evidence from rural China

This study investigates the impact of the land rental market on labor productivity in rural China. Particular attention is given to farm and nonfarm labor productivity. Using 2012 household‐level data and a multinomial endogenous switching treatment regression technique, we find that rural households renting in farmland increased labor productivity in the farm sector by about 55%, whereas labor productivity in the nonfarm sector decreased by about 6%. We also find that rural households renting out farmland had lower labor productivity in both the farm and nonfarm sectors by 13% and 9%, respectively. More family labor transferred from the farm to the nonfarm sector after renting out land.     

福建省农户分化对林地流转行为的影响研究

基于集体林权制度改革后福建省10个县(市)274户农户的抽样调查数据,运用二元Logistic回归模型,分别建立农户林地转入模型、转出模型,实证检验农户分化对林地流转的影响。研究将农户分化分为农户收入水平上的分化和农户职业上的分化。研究表明:农户分化对农户林地流转行为影响显著,其中农户收入水平对福建省农户的林地转入行为在统计上有显著的负向影响,同时,对农户林地转出行为也有负向显著的影响;农户职业分化对农户林地转入行为有显著的负向影响,却对农户林地转出有正向影响。基于研究提出以城乡发展一体化推进林地流转、建立林地流转市场、建立健全林地流转保障体系、完善林地产权管理制度、合理引导林地租赁等建议。     

Determinants of agricultural land rental market transactions in Bangladesh

Land rental market transactions have been the norm in land scarce rural Bangladesh mainly due to the inadequacies of the governmental land distribution system to meet the growing demand for land and to correct imbalances in factor proportions at the farm-level. The present study jointly determines the socio-economic factors underlying decision to rent-in land and/or rent-out land by the Bangladeshi farmers in the land rental market using a bivariate Tobit model. The model diagnostic reveals that the decisions to rent-in and/or rent-out land is significantly correlated, implying that univariate analysis of such decisions are biased, thereby, justifying the use of a bivariate approach. Results reveal that a number of socio-economic factors affect farmers’ participation in the land rental market and work in opposite directions regarding the decision to rent-in or rent-out land. The likelihood of renting-in land is higher for farmers with inadequate cultivable land but with higher levels of livestock and other farm capital asset ownership, and also for those located in areas with developed infrastructure and fertile soils. On the other hand, the likelihood of renting-out land is higher among farmers with higher levels of cultivable land but inadequate farm capital and livestock resources, higher levels of education, less subsistence pressure, and poor extension contact. Geography does matter, as the likelihood of land transactions is higher in agriculturally intensive and/or developed regions. Government policy has an important role to play to improve the factor equalisation role of these land rental markets through, for example, investment in education, agricultural extension, rural infrastructure and the livestock sector.     

福海县牧民牧草地流转行为影响因素研究

新疆是我国五大牧区之一,随着"定居兴牧"工程的实施,牧草地流转也逐渐普遍,因此对牧草地流转行为的影响因素进行研究,对牧草地合理利用、牧民增收以及畜牧业的健康发展有着重要的现实意义。文章以新疆福海县156户牧民调研数据为基础,运用logistic模型对牧民牧草地流转行为的影响因素进行了实证分析。模型结果表明:(1)牧民年龄、流转意愿和牧民对当前牲畜价格满意度对牧草地转入有显著的负向影响;户主文化程度、家庭子女数、养殖牲畜头数、家庭劳动力人数和现有牧草地面积对牧草地转入有显著的正向影响。(2)牧民年龄、现有牧草地面积和牧民对当前牲畜价格满意度对牧草地转出有显著的正向影响;家庭子女数和牧民对社会保障满意度对牧草地转出有显著的负向影响。虽然影响牧草地流转行为的微观因素较多,要使得牧草地得到合理利用开发,还需要加强宏观政策的落实。     

Land rental in a multi-ethnic society: Insights from Southwest China

This study presents detailed evidence on the characteristics, processes, and consequences of land rental practices in a multi-ethnic rural society in Yunnan Province, Southwest China, which have rarely been explored. It contributes to the existing literature on land rental and control by considering the dimension of ethnicity. The findings show the following: Interethnic land rental is a very common and noteworthy feature in the selected Han-Jingpo multi-ethnic rural society. Han ethnic households rented and accumulated a large proportion of farmland and forestland from neighbouring Jingpo ethnic households. This was done to expand cash crops and timber forest, as opposed to the activities of Jingpo ethnic households. Interethnic land rental was mainly triggered by different development capabilities and attitudes towards agricultural commercialization supported by differences in resource assets due to ethnic living patterns and other dynamic socio-political reasons. Consequently, Jingpo ethnic households are experiencing an increasing income gap due largely to declines in farmland and forestland, while possibilities for positive interethnic interactions were found. These findings are relevant for rethinking land rental policies in China and also provide useful insights for rural sustainability in any multi-ethnic area where interethnic interactions of land or other resources coexist.