国务院常务会议通过《互联网内容服务管理办法》等三草案

国务院总理朱基９月２０日主持召开国务院第三十一次常务会议。会议审议并通过了《中华人民共和国电信条例（草案）》、《互联网内容服务管理办法（草案）》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例（草案）》。会议认为 ,为了规范电信市场秩序 ,维护电信用户和电信业务经营者的合法权益 ,保障电信网络和信息的安全 ,促进电信事业的健康发展 ,迫切需要制定电信条例。会议认为 ,为了加强对互联网内容服务的监督管理 ,防止有害信息危害社会 ,尤其是危害国家安全、社会稳定和公共秩序 ,有必要制定《互联网内容服务管理办法》。会议认为 ,建设工程的勘查…     

《服务贸易总协定》框架内我国服务贸易发展的思路

作为《服务贸易总协定》(即GATS)的缔约国和WTO的成员国，我国将根据GATS的规则参与国际服务贸易。而作为是一个发展中国家，我国服务业在种类、规模、数量、构成及竞争力方面都与发达国家有着很大的差距；发展服务贸易除了要制定适度保护和积极引进政策，还应该加快产业结构调整与优化，加快服务立法，建立和完善服务贸易管理体制。     

中国入世后广电业冲击集中于内容

根据《服务贸易总协定》之《电信附则》规定，有线电视网络将不对缔约国开放。因此，中国加入WTO后有线电视网络运营将基本不受影响。根据各国通行做法，有线电视领域也不会向电信运营商对等开放。     

中国增值电信市场全方位开放

信息产业部负责人近日表示 ,我国出台的《电信条例》中对从事增值电信业务经营者的出资比例及所有制性质等未做规定 ,这标志着我国增值电信市场全方位开放 ,只要符合规定的经营者都可以在我国经营增值电信业务。据了解 ,增值电信业务是指利用公共网络基础设施提供的电信与信息服务的业务。在颁布的《电信条例》中规定 ,经营增值电信业务应当具备的条件有 :经营者为依法设立的公司 ,有与开展经营活动相适应的资金和专业人员 ,有为用户提供长期服务的信誉或能力 ,以及国家规定的其他条件。据介绍 ,经营增值电信业务 ,业务覆盖范围在 2个以上省…     

论《服务贸易总协定》国内规制与我国服务贸易法规的完善

一、《服务贸易总协定》关于国内规制的规范及发展1.《服务贸易总协定》关于国内规制的规定《服务贸易总协定》第6条第1款规定“在已做出具体承诺的部门中,每一成员应保证所有影响服务贸易的普遍适用的措施以合理、客观和公正的方式实施”。国内规制是指影响服务贸易的所有“普     

《服务贸易总协定》的承诺方式及困境

乌拉圭回合的主要成果之一是缔结了《服务贸易总协定》(GATS),为各国有关服务贸易法律和政策的制定确立了多边规则与纪律,极大地扩展了多边贸易体制的范围。《服务贸易总协定》为多边贸易体制历史上未曾涉猎的领域创设了多边纪律,但就其实现服务贸易自由化的程度而言,也只是迈向自由化的探索性的第一步。《服务贸易总协定》所确立的体制仍然相当脆弱并尚待完善,其在法律形式上表现为对承诺方式的选择。     

欧盟《一般数据保护条例》对国际服务贸易规则的影响

为了保护隐私权,欧盟制定了《一般数据保护条例》(GDPR),保护个人数据和规范数据跨境流动是其两大目标。为了符合GDPR的要求,非欧盟企业客观上只有两种选择:要么撤出欧盟市场,要么将数据本地化,否则将面临巨额罚款。实际上,数据本地化构成了贸易壁垒,违反了《国际服务贸易总协定》第16和17条。为了促进数字贸易,以《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(CPTPP)、《欧盟日本经济伙伴关系协定》(EPA)和《美墨加协定》(USMCA)为代表的新型区域贸易协定禁止数据中心本地化设置。为此,欧盟应设法消除任何数据本地化要求的可能性,同时应设法完善GDPR下的充分性决定机制。GDPR客观上对国际服务贸易规则产生了深远而广泛的影响。为了因应国际服务贸易规则的新发展,中国应引导与推动《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)的改进,加速构建促进个人信息保护、数据有序流动和保护公共利益相协调的新型数字贸易规则;借鉴欧盟与美国缔结的《隐私盾协议》,与欧盟开展有关数据跨境流动的双边协议谈判。     

入世与我国房地产服务贸易的发展——以《服务贸易总协定》为基础的探讨

房地产业是服务贸易中的一个特殊部门,房地产服务贸易在整个国际服务贸易领域中占据着重要地位。《服务贸易总协定》对于促进房地产服务贸易的逐步自由化发挥着巨大的作用。我国入世后,房地产服务业面临着严峻的挑战。我国应采取积极灵活的措施,提高我国房地产服务业的总体竞争力。     

浅析《SPS协定》中的风险评估原则

为规范各国技术贸易措施的使用,世界贸易组织(WTO)通过了《卫生与植物卫生措施实施协议》,其中SPS措施作为国际贸易中一种非关税措施已被广泛采用,在《SPS协定》开篇即阐明了协定一方面维护了各成员国实施适当的动植物卫生健康水平的权利,是各成员国阻却食品风险的重要手段,另一方面又反对将这种权利滥用为保护主义壁垒,保障贸易的自由化,而风险评估原则作为《SPS协定》重要的原则之一,其重要程度不言而喻。     

世贸组织《政府采购协议》的完善及其对我国政府采购制度的影响

在对《政府采购协议》分析的基础上,本文重点提出该协议各缔约方在世贸组织新回合谈判中,应通过提高政府采购的透明度、将《服务贸易总协定》项下的服务采购纳入该协议的规范之中、给予发展中国家更多的优惠待遇,并借鉴联合国国际贸易法委员会的《政府采购货物、工程与服务项目示范法》,不断完善该协议。同时指出我国目前的政府采购状况和有关立法同世贸组织《政府采购协议》要求仍存在差距,为此建议在修改我国《政府采购法》草稿时,应明确规定政府采购的主体、扩大政府采购的领域以及保障质疑程序的实施等,以缩小我国《政府采购法》与世贸组织《政府采购协议》要求之间的差距。     

纳米技术在聚烯烃中的研究进展

综述了聚烯烃纳米复合材料的优点、使用价值和近年来国内外聚烯烃纳米复合材料的研究进展，并介绍了无机粒子／聚烯烃复合材料和粘土／聚烯烃复合材料，重点阐述了粘土与聚乙烯、聚丙烯纳米复合材料的制备方法及粘土／聚烯烃纳米复合材料插层热力学分析，对目前聚烯烃纳米复合材料存在问题及发展前景进行了探讨。     

Healthy Investments in Investing in Health

This article discusses socially responsible investing (SRI) and tobacco. SRI allows investors, both institutional and individual, to express their concerns and make their social and ethical stands known to the companies they invest in and patronize. The tobacco industry is active in every country on the globe and generates huge profits, while tobacco use is responsible for 4 million deaths every year.The authors explore past and current views on investment in tobacco, partly based on a survey conducted by the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is clearly a trend toward divestment from tobacco for both ethical and financial reasons. Tobacco-free investments can be both ethically sound and financially profitable.     

Developments in Consumer Protection in India

This paper surveys the major developments in the field of consumer protection in India since 1984, when the statutory provisions for regulating unfair trade practices were incorporated for the first time.Among the developments described in the paper is the strengthening of provisions for consumer protection through amendments to the Act regulating restrictive and monopolistic trade practices (the MTRP Act). Public-sector undertakings and co-operative societies have been brought within the purview of the Act, and consumers have obtained the right to participate in inquiry proceedings before the MRTP Commission.Consumers and their associations have been given the right to seek redress of grievances arising out of the violation of certain pieces of legislation, including the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986, was enacted in order to provide speedy and inexpensive redress of consumers' grievances. Redress can now be sought before any consumer court also for negligence or deficiency in medical services.The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986, has strengthened the measures for the standardisation and quality control of manufactured goods.A Consumer Welfare Fund has been set up to provide financial assistance to voluntary consumer organisations and for the general development of consumer movement in the country. A spurt in voluntary consumer organisations in different parts of the country can also be observed.Other developments include the establishment of a separate Department of Consumer Affairs in the Union Government and the setting up of a Consumer Product Testing Laboratory.     

关于我国资产证券化若干问题的探讨

资产证券化是一项复杂的金融工具创新,引进和实施这种新型的融资工具需要大量的配套工作。我国实施资产证券化需要解决特设机构的设立、基础资产的选择、破产隔离、信用增级、会计处理、税收政策以及立法和监管等方面的问题。     

Economic Keywords in 2007 in China

RMB exchange rate The exchange rate of Renminbi,the Chinese currency, witnessed an appreciation of around six percent to one U.S. dollar this year. On December 13, the central parity rate stood at RMB 7.3568 against one dollar,according to the Chinese Foreign Exchange Trading System, breaking the 7.36 mark.     

Conflict in Supplier–Retailer Relationships in the Brewery Industry in Cameroon

The authors develop a theoretical framework to explain conflict in supplier–retailer relationships. In addition to traditional influence strategy variables, the framework links conflict to retailer dependence and supplier formalization. The framework is empirically tested in the Cameroonian brewery industry. The findings support the view that channel conflict is inversely related to retailer dependence and supplier formalization. Contrary to expectations, the use of noncoercive influence strategies (information exchange and recommendations) has no significant effect on conflict, while, as expected, the use of coercive influence strategies (threats and promises) increases conflict.     

粤北山区砖园仓储粮机械通风应用研究

在砖园仓机械通风应用试验中,正确运用理论计算,精确得出通风技术数据,依此设计通风系统,结果表明：在实仓运行中,检测的主要技术参数和设计值基本相符,经136h通风,粮温从38℃降至13℃,吨粮降温耗电0.011℃,降温好、电耗低,证明设计方法正确,符合南方稻谷产区,解决了基层普遍存在的砖园仓机械通风盲目设计问题,为规范设计作出了示范,验证了粮层压力正确计算方法。     

Recent advances in reinforcement learning in finance

The rapid changes in the finance industry due to the increasing amount of data have revolutionized the techniques on data processing and data analysis and brought new theoretical and computational challenges. In contrast to classical stochastic control theory and other analytical approaches for solving financial decision-making problems that heavily reply on model assumptions, new developments from reinforcement learning (RL) are able to make full use of the large amount of financial data with fewer model assumptions and to improve decisions in complex financial environments. This survey paper aims to review the recent developments and use of RL approaches in finance. We give an introduction to Markov decision processes, which is the setting for many of the commonly used RL approaches. Various algorithms are then introduced with a focus on value- and policy-based methods that do not require any model assumptions. Connections are made with neural networks to extend the framework to encompass deep RL algorithms. We then discuss in detail the application of these RL algorithms in a variety of decision-making problems in finance, including optimal execution, portfolio optimization, option pricing and hedging, market making, smart order routing, and robo-advising. Our survey concludes by pointing out a few possible future directions for research.