NUTRITION,CROWDING, AND DISEASE AMONG LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN TOKYO IN 1930

This article employs a household survey of low-income working-class households conducted in Tokyo in 1930 to investigate nutritional attainment levels and the relationship between calorie intake and morbidity. We find that the daily calorie intake was 2,118 kcal per adult male equivalent, high enough to satisfy the energy requirements for moderate physical activity. Richer households purchased more expensive calories mainly by substituting meat and vegetables for rice. We find negative associations between morbidity and income and crowding, but no significant associations for nutrition, tentatively suggesting that income and crowding were more important for morbidity in 1930 Tokyo than nutrition.     

政府卫生支出的有效性、地区差异及其人口健康改善

利用健康生产模型.运用我国1997～2005年各省面板数据,说明我国政府卫生支出与改善人口健康状况之间的关系.为即将推行的卫生医疗改革各项公共管理政策的制定和实施。提供理论支持以及实证分析的证据。我国政府卫生支出是决定人口健康水平的一个关键因素,但政策制定者需要兼顾"投入的规模和管理的有效",同时,卫生医疗改革政策需要因地制宜,中央财政部门急需建立一套考核各级政府卫生支出管理绩效水平的系统指标体系。     

教育、健康与农村居民收入差距

人力资本和收入差距关系一直是经济研究中的热点问题,作为人力资本的重要因素,教育和健康对我国农村居民收入差距的扩大起到了关键性的作用,而初始收入差距的存在必然会影响到居民对教育和健康的投资,从而产生人力资本差距,进而对收入差距产生重大影响。文章对相关的文献进行梳理和评述,并对其相互影响的机制进行了探讨和总结。     

Industrialization,indoor and ambient air quality,and elderly mental health

The health risks from indoor and ambient air pollution create a considerable burden to global economic development and health, especially in economies within an aging society. Previous research has established the adverse effects of air pollution on health. However, most studies do not focus on the simultaneous effect of indoor and ambient air pollution nor its health risks to the older population. This study examines the impact of exposure to both indoor and ambient air pollution for the same individuals over time on mental health by using a nationally representative longitudinal survey for middle-aged and elderly individuals in China. We find that both indoor and ambient air pollution have an adverse effect on elderly mental health and significantly increases the likelihood of having depressive symptoms. We provide evidence that the effect of indoor and ambient air pollution is associated more with less educated and females.     

农村居民健康差距中的机会不平等——健康指标选择、模型构建与基于CHARLS的实证研究

在居民健康差距中,既有合理的差距,又有不合理的机会不平等.首先,以"中国健康与养老追踪调查(2015)"中的农村居民为样本,从身、心健康两个方面验证自评健康作为健康量化指标的合理性.其次,在"环境-努力"的框架下,对环境因素和努力因素的范畴进行拓展,并在考虑环境因素、身份变量、努力因素与随机扰动项存在相关性的条件下构建测度模型.最后,结合样本数据测度农村居民健康差距中的机会不平等.测度结果表明:①原生家庭环境、生活条件、社区环境对健康差距的相对贡献度依次介于18.886％～19.780％、10.730％～11.072％、28.027％～28.642％,身份变量的相对贡献度介于9.851％～10.153％,努力因素的相对贡献度介于30.969％～31.892％;②健康机会不平等对健康差距的相对贡献度介于60.436％～61.010％.以实证研究结论为基础,本文从提升国民健康素养、增加医疗基础设施建设与阻断健康差距的代际传递提出政策建议.     

艾滋病、全球化和人的安全

艾滋病问题与全球化是互为因果的关系,它的泛滥源于当今社会存在的诸多不平等与不公正问题,虽然其紧迫性并未像气候变暖或金融危机等全球化问题那么显著,但艾滋病问题依然是理解全球化的多重含义以及当今世界政治、社会、经济和文化权力运作方式的一个重要视角。美国的艾滋病救助政策体现了艾滋病问题所具有的安全含义,但它到底在多大程度上是出于利他主义的考虑,令人值得怀疑。自2000年艾滋病问题成为联合国安理会的议题以来,人们开始重新思考它对传统安全观所带来的冲击,虽然没有经验证据表明艾滋病问题助长了一国国内的冲突,但艾滋病加速恶化与国内的冲突现状密切相关。作者认为,对于艾滋病疫情的预防与应对,国际援助固然重要,但各国政府必须把自身资源投放到艾滋病的综合性预防、护理以及支持项目当中。     

The Allocation of Publicly-Provided Goods to Rural Households in India: On Some Consequences of Caste, Religion and Democracy

What determines the allocation of publicly-provided goods to rural households in India? Although empirically driven this paper draws on the characteristics of India's institutional structure and the implications of existing literature for framing the answer to this question. We confront the main empirical implications drawn from this framework with a unique data set which brings together widely used district data with a recently constructed data set on political participation. We identify three robust determinants of this allocation process: formal and informal characteristics of each state allocation mechanism; selectivity in the allocations against Muslims and scheduled castes; and bureaucratic rules and behavior.     

Analysis on Chinese Inequity in Health between the Urban and the Rural

Firstly the paper introduces the concept of the inequity in health, the method of measurement of inequity in health which is usually used to measure the inequity of income. Then we statistically describe the inequity in health between the urban and the rural in China, and analyze the correlative of the variety of income allocation and the variety of inequity in health.     

浅谈医学人类学对身体及心理健康的影响

国民健康已成为最大的社会问题。医学人类学是一门新兴交叉学科。利用医学人类学的研究领域,更新观念,树立健康教育是终生教育的思想,把其贯穿于学生的德、智、体、美、劳教育中,确保身体及心理健康教育工作的多样性和延续性。     

城乡居民基本医疗保险制度对居民健康公平性的影响研究--基于嘉兴市的调查分析

本文主要是研究城乡居民基本医疗保险制度下的城乡居民健康公平性,为完善医疗保障制度提供科学依据。本文主要利用集中指数测量反映和经济状况有关的健康结果的公平性。探究城乡居民医保参保人员两周患病率、慢性病患病率、自评健康不良情况各自反映的健康不公平。通过对农村和城镇居民的比较分析发现差异和出现健康不公平的原因并提出相关建议。     

高校研究生心理健康教育现状及对策

大学生心理健康教育已经得到政府、社会和高校的普遍关注,但高校对大学生中研究生群体的心理健康教育却仍存在着很大不足。根据问卷调查,从学校和学生两个层面解读了目前高校研究生心理健康教育服务体系现状,并据此提出转变服务观念、完善研究生心理健康教育服务体系以及建立相关制度保障体系的对策,以期为高校研究生心理健康教育提供借鉴与参考。     

If You Build It Nearby and Keep the Price Low,Will They Come? Large-Scale Evidence on the Relative Roles of Access and Quality in Use of Healthcare in Low-and Middle-Income Countries

Health policy reform often emphasises improving access to healthcare. Recent studies highlight the role healthcare quality plays in determining which health providers individuals use and health outcomes. Yet, there is little standardised large-scale evidence on the importance of quality of care relative to access in determining healthcare use. This paper examines the relative roles of access and quality in whether individuals seek healthcare and how these vary with socioeconomic status in a sample of over 250,000 national household survey respondents from low- and middle-income countries. My results suggest that quality is as large a barrier as access. Among quality barriers, drug availability is as large a barrier as provider availability. Analyses of the barriers-socioeconomic status gradients indicate that the quality-SES gradient is much less steep than the access-SES gradient, highlighting that increasing incomes may not be sufficient to address quality barriers and that supply-side interventions may be necessary.