生态文明建设水平综合评价——以新疆兵团为例

文章通过构建兵团生态文明建设水平综合评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法对2008-2019年兵团生态文明发展水平进行综合测度,在此基础上,分析制约兵团生态文明建设的主要因素。结果表明:2008-2019年兵团生态文明建设综合水平明显提升,呈现出"先上升后趋于平缓"的变动趋势;其中,生态经济发展和生态环境保护水平明显改善,生态文化意识指数呈现波浪式的攀升态势,而生态资源节约和生态社会发展水平近年来呈现出不断下降的趋势。制约兵团生态文明建设的主要因素:兵团产业结构的长期滞后性发展以及产业生态化水平较低;创新型人才以及科研经费投入不足;教育、社会公共服务以及基础设施水平较低。     

动态

<正>1中办、国办印发:《生态文明建设目标评价考核办法》根据《考核办法》,评价考核在资源、环境、生态领域有关专项考核的基础上综合开展,重点评估各地区上一年度生态文明建设总体情况,引导各地区落实生态文明建设相关工作,每年开展一次。考核主要考     

中国三大林区生态文明“阶段与水平”二步测度研究

科学测度生态文明对管理者制定生态文明建设行之有效的措施具有重要价值。文章以中国三大林区为研究对象,利用2007-2016年数据,运用"阈值—绿值"二步方法,在确定生态文明指标及其权重的基础上,通过指标及其权重依次测算了生态文明基本指数、特征指数、共生度指数、阈值、绿值,依次通过阈值、绿值判定中国三大林区是否"进入生态文明阶段"(入门)以及"入门"后生态文明水平,据此揭示中国三大林区生态文明发展阶段与建设水平演化规律,然后通过生态文明"指数"回溯"指标"分析中国三大林区生态文明建设问题及其根源。研究表明:(1)生态文明建设要兼顾产业经济发展与生态环境建设而不能偏废其一;(2)东北—内蒙古林区、西南林区尚未"入门",而南方集体林区虽已"入门",但"入门"后处于深绿文明初级水平而生态文明建设潜力巨大;(2)林区生态文明建设问题的根源在于资源优势未能有效转化为经济和生态优势,林区要依托森林资源优势向经济优势和生态优势转化以推进生态文明建设。     

沿海滩涂资源围垦开发利用需求与制约因素

以全国滩涂资源最为特殊和丰富的江苏省为例,根据江苏省沿海滩涂围垦现状的最新统计结果,结合江苏省"908"调查成果,总结分析江苏省沿海滩涂资源概况;通过实地调研对滩涂围垦开发利用的需求进行了探讨,重点针对滩涂围垦开发利用效率、利用机制及沿海生态文明建设三方面制约因素进行了分析,提出滩涂围垦高效综合开发利用、完善滩涂围垦开发利用机制以及统筹兼顾、绿色发展等对策建议。     

关于宁夏红寺堡开发区生态环境建设的调查与发展对策

本文通过对红寺堡开发区水、土、光、热和林业资源的调查,客观地分析林业持续发展的制约因素,有针对性地提出了解决的对策,有利于进一步指导开发区生态文明建设工作。     

生态文明建设视角下优化土地资源规划模式途径

论证了生态文明建设与优化土地资源规划模式间相互融合、互相促进关系,提出生态文明建设途径之一是优化土地资源规划模式;并从技术和战略层面总结现有土地资源规划模式,分析诸如理性开发欠缺、布局方式结构不合理、城乡土地开发缺乏统筹等影响其优化的相关因素,提出坚持城乡土地规划统筹,完善土地制度,统一城乡土地市场,提升土地规划水平等方面的优化途径。旨在为实现城乡土地集约高效利用,落实主体功能区规划,促进绿色城镇化,推进生态文明建设提供新思路。     

加强枢纽运行管理 全力推进小浪底生态文明建设

从坚持水资源统一调度,严格库区水行政执法管理,强化对库区及枢纽管理区建设行为的监督和持续推进枢纽管理区生态治理及修复等方面总结了小浪底水利枢纽生态文明建设的做法及取得的成效,分析了制约生态文明建设的主要因素,提出了进一步加强小浪底生态文明建设的对策。实践表明,小浪底水利枢纽在运行管理和生态文明建设中取得较大成效,对维持黄河健康水平,促进黄河中下游和库区周边经济社会发展及生态文明建设具有较大的推动作用。     

生态文明背景下的北京新型城镇化问题研究

为贯彻落实十八大关于生态文明建设的精神,北京市提出在二道绿隔地区开展新一轮的平原造林建设,并以此为契机,全面推进该地区的新型城镇化建设。该文在空间布局分析的基础上,概述了北京市城镇化发展的阶段特征,并从现实角度出发深入分析了生态文明建设对新型城镇化建设的要求,包括科学布局城镇体系、节约集约利用土地资源、推动基础设施绿色低碳化以及大力整治城镇环境4个方面。同时,该文基于规划、土地利用、资金支持、农民利益、绿色产业等多方面分析了新型城镇化建设中的制约因素,并针对性提出了具体的政策建议,即从空间布局入手,优化人口与产业的结构;从规划入手,制定新型城镇化建设的顶层规划设计;从政策入手,确保农民全面、持续、高标准增收的权利;从土地入手,促进绿地产业的发展;从产业入手,打造生态与经济双赢的优势产业;从资金入手,创新资金筹集的渠道,等等。     

当前我国地质工作面临的困境及发展方向浅析

地质工作是我国实施生态文明建设、资源节约与综合利用、可持续发展等系列国策的基础性、支柱性行业。当前地质工作面临的困境有:资源保障不足,浅表资源缺乏、矿产勘查亟需新的方向;环境问题凸显、产业结构升级,亟需转向环境主导型。未来地质工作发展方向:(1)面向地球深部探测;(2)面向海洋地质调查;(3)面向战略性新型矿产调查;(4)面向城市地质调查;(5)面向综合地质调查。     

生态文明建设对我国矿政管理工作的启示

基于生态文明建设的科学内涵,矿产资源开发利用要求实现节约集约综合利用,转变资源利用方式,通过资源高效利用、资源合理开发和发展绿色矿业促进生态文明建设。生态文明建设条件下需要处理好几个关系:矿产资源开发与生态环境保护;资源效益与环境效益;矿产资源的有偿使用与生态环境补偿。完善我国矿政管理的建议:①持续推进矿产资源节约与综合利用工作;②夯实资源管理,强化资源产业管理;③突出矿政管理各环节的生态管控功能;④注重政府引导与市场调节手段相结合。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。     

Trust-A monolithic panacea in land use planning?

Although trust research has been extensive and substantial, the constitution and actual merits of trust in land use planning remain nebulous. What do participants of a local land use planning process actually mean when they say they trust the planning committee? How important is participants’ trust in the planning committee in shaping their perceptions of the planning process and their cooperation in it? To explore the everyday meaning of trust in the specific context of local land use planning, semi-structured interviews with the participants of a local planning project in Switzerland were conducted (n = 9). Based on these results, the constitution and the relevance of trust in the responsible planning committee among a wider circle of participants were assessed (n = 66). The results show that participants trust the planning committee if they perceive its members as competent, honest, open, fair, reliable, reciprocating, respectful and committed. Interestingly, a considerable part of trust in the planning committee hinges explicitly on whether the committee incorporates the personal interests of the participant. Trust is indeed vital to participants’ belief that a meaningful discussion and cooperation with the members of the planning committee is possible. However, trust is neither a guarantee for people's approval of planning decisions nor for their cooperation. One implication of the findings is that in order to evaluate trust-building practice comprehensively, it is necessary to first understand the specific everyday meaning of trust for ‘real people’ in real planning processes.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.