我国外汇储备运用方式探析

截至2009年6月末,我国外汇储备突破2万亿美元,随着其近年来的快速增长,关于外汇储备运用的争论也日益激烈。本文通过分析我国外汇储备的性质,逐一研究现有各种方案的可行性,最后提出合理的运用建议,认为投资美元债券仍是当前主要的主要运用方式,但长期来看应配置多元化。     

非常态风险视角下我国外汇储备的管理

美元资产在我国巨额外汇储备中占据主要比例,然而过多持有美元会使我国外汇储备无形中被美元"绑架",面临着诸如外部政策冲击、军事冲突等非常态下潜在的外汇资产损失风险。本文认为,解决这些问题的根本途径是人民币国际化;当前,我国应构建起非常态下抵制外汇储备外部制裁的应急机制,并从外汇储备的来源与运用两个方面改进我国外汇储备的管理,从而最大限度地降低极端非常态事件对我国外汇资产造成的损失并维护我国的外汇储备的安全。     

外汇储备持续增长的风险分析——以国际金融危机为视角

1994-1997年,我国外汇储备大约每年增长300亿美元左右,年增长率超过两位数.1998-2000年,受亚洲金融危机的影响,我国出口量明显减少,外商直接投资的增速减缓,我国外汇储备的增长速度有所降低.2000年以后,随着我国经济更加紧密的融入世界经济,我国的外汇储备规模加速增加.2006年2月,我国官方外汇储备总量达到8536亿美元,超过日本成为世界第一储备国.2008年4月,我国官方持有的外汇储备增加到1.76万亿美元,超过世界主要7大工业国G7的外汇储备总和.2009年4月,我国外汇储备首次突破2万亿美元,达到2.00888万亿美元.下表列出了1994年以来我国外汇储备增长的情况.对于多年来外汇储备持续增加的情况,理论界有一种看法认为,只要中国经济增长的方式不改变,外汇储备增长的态势就不会改变.     

我国外汇储备的形成原因探讨以及应对策略

2006年,我国的外汇储备已经达到10663亿美元,成为世界上最大的外汇储备国,在全球外汇储备中所占的比例超过了20%.2006的外汇储备量比上年增加了2473亿美元,我国外汇储备量在近几年均呈高速增长的态势.我国如此高额的外汇储备背后的原因是什么,对此我们应该采取怎样的态度和政策?利用1984年-2005年的年度数据,运用回归分析的方法对外汇储备及相关变量进行分析,并通过回归模型得出的结论解答上述问题,最后给出相应的政策建议.     

我看高额外汇储备

由外汇储备的高增长态势引发的多种影响值得人们深入思考。据中国人民银行最新统计数据显示,2006年10月底我国外汇储备突破万亿美元大关,到12月末达到10663亿美元,较上年末增加2474亿美元,比上年多增384亿美元。面对过万亿美元外汇储备,我国持有多少外汇储备合适,如何减缓外汇储备的激增,如何科学管理外汇储备,如何合理运用外汇储备,成为高额外汇储备之下大家普遍感到困惑的问题,笔者拟围绕上述问题谈一些个人看法。     

2003-2004年外汇储备形势与政策分析

一、未来两年我国外汇储备有可能突破4000和5000亿美元大关 2002年,我国外汇储备增加742亿美元,达到2864亿美元,如果按照可比口径计算,把商业银行购汇补充资本金和营运资金计算在内,我国的外汇储备年增加额在1000亿美元左右.由于外汇储备增加的机制没有发生很大变化,如果没有特别意外事件,预计2003年外汇储备可能会达到4000亿美元,2004年可能达到5000亿美元.判断外汇储备大规模增加的依据在于:     

中国外汇储备与经济增长关系分析

至2006年底,我国外汇储备余额已达到10096.26亿美元,储备水平居世界第一位.外汇储备的迅速增加,对我国经济增长产生了积极效应.一方面,雄厚的外汇储备有利于我国防范外部金融风险和政治风险,增强国内外投资者对人民币的信心;另一方面,雄厚的外汇储备有利于吸引外资,成为我国对外直接投资的信用保障.与此同时外汇储备的迅速增长也产生了一定的负面效应.针对当前我国外汇储备规模与GDP的均衡问题,本文运用协整分析方法进行实证检验.     

我国外汇储备可持续增长的制约因素分析

到2001年底,我国的外汇储备达到2121亿美元,比年初大幅度增加466亿美元,从而实现了2002年我国外汇储备达到2000亿美元的目标.但是,今后我国外汇储备的进一步增长仍然受制于不利的国际环境和国内因素.     

论我国外汇储备的适度规模

截至2005年12月末,我国外汇储备已经达到8189亿美元,比2004年新增2089亿美元,增长34.3%,仅次于日本的8469亿美元,离外汇储备世界第一仅一步之遥.近3年来,我国外汇储备每年新增额都超过1000亿美元.     

对当前我国外汇储备规模的思考

自2001年以来,我国外汇储备持续快速增长,到2006年末,中国的外汇储备余额已高达价值10663.44亿美元,且增长速度进一步加快,2004年、2005年、2006年外汇储备分别增加了2066.81亿美元、2089.40亿美元、2474.72亿美元。外汇储备持续快速的增长,其背后的原因主要是国际收支的“双顺差”以及当前我国汇率制度的安排。而外汇储备持续的快速增长对我国宏观经济运行带来了很大困难。本文就近几年我国外汇储备增长的原因和对我国带来的负面影响进行了深入探讨。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.