Increasing the Informational Content of Reach and Frequency Estimates

This article discusses the limitations of present methods of analyzing the coverage of advertising schedules and presents a technique for obtaining additional information from traditional measures of schedule coverage. This technique models entire patters of audience exposure to commercials by means of a compound Bernoulli distribution that can be estimated from reach and frequency data. Knowledge of the complete pattern of audience exposure to advertising schedules assists the media analyst in selecting optimally effective advertising schedules and consequently enhances the probability of conducting a successful advertising campaign.     

农村电视媒体广告投放策略研究

农村电视受众分布广泛、基数庞大,如果不讲究策略地进行广告投放,会导致广告到达受众与品牌的目标受众重叠度低,造成广告资金的很大浪费。基于对8省19市3800户农村居民的抽样调查数据,本文首先从宏观层面总结了中国农村电视受众的整体特征,即高接触率、高收视时长、核心受众高端化的“三高”特点。接下来本文以企业广告投放的决策过程为主线,从人群定位、时间段选择、频道选择、节目选择等四个层面,通过实证研究数据对农村电视媒体的广告投放策略进行了具体分析。     

有效的广告千人成本——新的理论思考与操作的方法

本文旨在从实际运用的角度,提出一个具有操作性,同时具有理论价值的广告效果评估体系。文中根据央视市场研究公司（CTR）的质化研究数据,建构了中国强势电视节目的广告印象分析模型,提出一个新的概念：有效的广告千人成本。作者对有效的广告千人成本的理论基础及测量进行了详细的解释,并对其实际运用进行了分析。     

Retailer and manufacturer advertising scheduling in a marketing channel

This paper investigates, in a bilateral monopoly, the optimal scheduling of retailer and manufacturer advertising in a three-period planning horizon. Consistent with previous literature, the integrated channel adopts continuous advertising schedules when advertising effects are not very large and decay exponentially over time. Conversely, when pricing and advertising decisions are uncoordinated, vertical externalities also influence advertising scheduling. Consequently, channel members can optimally implement each of the following three advertising schedules depending on the effects of retailer and manufacturer advertising: The full continuous schedule, in which channel members advertise in the three periods; the full pulsing schedule, in which the two channel members advertise only in the first and third periods, and the mixed schedule where the retailer continuously advertises and the manufacturer advertises exclusively in the first and third periods. Surprisingly, the uncoordinated channel adopts lower retail prices than the integrated channel when the mixed schedule is adopted.     

影视剧植入广告透视

在现代影视剧、电视节目中植入式广告以一种全新的广告形式被应用其中,这种广告形式对广告商以及电视节目、影视剧制作方来说都有一定益处,植入式广告可以做到盐溶于水,同时以注重创意,选择合适的品牌、合适的节目和适度自然的方式,而达到广而告知的良好效果。对受众来讲应该以宽容、平和、正确的心态去看待植入式广告,这样就可以享受到影视节目所带来的真正乐趣。     

And now a word from our sponsor: Do consumers perceive advertising on traditional television and online streaming video differently?

Despite the increasing popularity of online streaming television (OTV), there is little information regarding how perceptions of the new medium differ from traditional television (TV) viewership. The research employed online interviews among young adult viewers of OTV and traditional TV to determine whether young adult consumers (aged 18–34) regard advertising viewed within online TV programming differently than they regard advertising viewed within traditional TV programming. While advertising has long been accepted by American consumers as a necessary element of most mass communication, this research suggests that viewers of OTV programming do not regard advertising as a means to subsidize the cost of online content. Rather, young adults appear to regard advertising as an intruder in the OTV environment. Furthermore, the results indicate that Ducoffe's Advertising Value model (1995) does not predict attentiveness to advertising viewed within the OTV context. Therefore, while OTV advertising may be held to a higher creative standard than traditional TV advertising, there is no indication that entertainment value contributes to an improved attitude toward advertising in the OTV environment.     

构筑“亲和化”的电视场——试析凤凰卫视“受众中心”的传播策略

在当代大众传播语境中,独特的＂凤凰现象＂已成为当前国内外传媒学界和业界共同关注的一个热点。凤凰卫视立足于受众心理需求,其突显的＂家庭感＂与受众的审美期待相呼应,营造的＂场效应＂与受众接受氛围相契合,以受众为中心的传播策略构筑了凤凰＂亲和化＂的电视场,为电视受众提供了多方位的审美体验王国。     

Modeling advertising impact at campaign level: Empirical generalizations relative to long-term advertising profit contribution and its antecedents

Research on advertising effectiveness is focused on sales and provides few empirical generalizations on profitability and its antecedents. To fill this gap, we develop an econometric model to capture the impact of advertising at campaign level, using retail panel data coupled with TV audience tracking data. Our study involves 31 brands from six packaged goods categories observed weekly and nationally over 4 years and representing 264 TV campaigns. Although we confirm empirical generalizations on the capacity of advertising to increase sales, we establish a different picture for profitability. Only 11 % of campaigns make a positive contribution to profit. Advertising is more profitable for challengers and medium brands, whereas leaders and small brands (recent or established) have a lower profitability. Advertising intensity in the category and campaign carry-over emerge as the strongest (respectively) negative and positive drivers of profitability. The antecedents of carry-over are also analyzed and discussed.     

An integrative framework of cooperative advertising: Should manufacturers continuously support retailer advertising?

A two-period game is developed in a bilateral monopoly where, besides pricing decisions, the retailer and manufacturer can set their advertising and cooperative advertising support rates for each period. It is demonstrated that, in addition to the established continuous cooperative advertising programs, in which the retailer advertises and the manufacturer supports retailer advertising in each period, two other advertising schedules are possible. First, the retailer advertises in each period, while the manufacturer only supports the second-period advertising. Second, whether or not the manufacturer provides a cooperative advertising program in the first period, the retailer only advertises in the second period and receives advertising support. The conditions under which each of these advertising arrangements is implemented are identified. In a continuous cooperative advertising schedule, the manufacturer may change his advertising support over time depending on the nature of the long-term effects of retailer advertising. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Advertising and Economic Development

In this article it is argued that West Germany has developed into the largest advertising market with the highest productivity per employee in Western Europe. We observe a continuous increase of net advertising turnover during the 1970s. Some extraordinary characteristics of the German advertising market (such as the structure of the TV advertising market and the printed media industry), which set it into sharp contrast to other European advertising markets, are discussed. Furthermore, we analyse the relationship between advertising and the business cycle movement (procyclical v. anticyclical advertising strategies) and we find that the majority of German business firms still pursue a procyclical advertising strategy although evidence seems to prove that an anticyclical advertising policy adopted during recessions will result in higher market shares and strengthened market positions of advertised brands.     

Do new forms of television advertising occasion better recall than traditional advertising spots?

The loss of effectiveness of television advertising centred on advertising spots has caused the development, and subsequent consolidation, of new forms of advertising within this medium. While management assumes that these new forms of advertising generate greater recall, in order to justify their usage, there is a noticeable lack of research evidence to prove this supposition. Therefore, in this article we use a representative sample of Spanish television audiences to compare the advertising recall that advertising spots generate, as opposed to that occasioned by a combination of new television advertising formats. The empirical analysis was carried out by means of an Ordered Probit model, which showed that the new forms of advertising gave rise to better recall than advertising spots, as much with regard to aided as with unaided recall.     

The Risk of Collateral Damage in Advertising Campaigns

It is argued, on the basis of first principles and a case example, that 'leakage' of advertising messages beyond the target audience can generate negative reactions when 'activists' in an accidentally addressed 'meta-audience' exert 'social pressure' on the advertiser's 'micro and macro-audiences', inflicting 'collateral damage' on the advertiser in various ways. Examination of published data from industry sources shows that activists are a small sub-set of the meta-audience, but it is argued that their potential to reduce the long-term advertising effectiveness of some advertising campaigns is an issue for advertising managers and planners. Analysis of hitherto unpublished data yields a profile of one type of activist: those who complained about television advertising between 1996 and 1998. They belong to homogeneous social sub-groups that are geographically and demographically distinct from the general population, not least in conforming to the notorious north-south divide in Britain. It is proposed that this first-ever research-based profile of complainants offers a factual basis on which prudent advertising planners can predict the risk of collateral damage, and plan to minimise it by avoiding pre-disposing creative tactics or media schedules.     

Variations in the contractual terms of cooperative advertising contracts: An empirical investigation

Cooperative advertising arrangements between manufacturers and resellers contain two principal components in their payment schedules: a participation rate and an accrual rate. We analyze 2,156 cooperative advertising plans to see how they vary across consumer and industrial products, as well as between convenience and nonconvenience consumer products. We also study how participation and accrual rates vary by the level of manufacturer concentration across product categories. We find that both participation and accrual rates are higher for consumer products than for industrial products and within consumer products are higher for convenience products than for nonconvenience products. We find mixed results for the effect of manufacturer concentration on these rates. We discuss how these results are consistent with existing perspectives on cooperative advertising.     

Information content in TV advertising. Consumer policy implications of the growing supply of TV advertising in Europe

The growth of both national and transnational television and TV advertising in Europe raises many issues. One issue of high relevance to traditional consumer policy is, however, barely mentioned, namely the consequences for consumers of the growing quantity of international TV advertising and the consequences of a growth or introduction of TV advertising in general. The purpose of the study reported here is to contribute to an objective evaluation of TV advertising strictly from a consumer point of view. For this purpose the article analyses the information content of the commercials on the satellite channel “Sky Channel” and on the West German channel ZDF. The results of that study are supplemented with the results from a review of those relevant investigations into the information content of print and TV advertising which can be found in the international literature. This includes an attempt to make the studies comparable and a critique of the prevailing tradition in measuring “informativeness”. It is concluded that from a consumer point of view, TV advertising has limited value since information relevant for most purchasing decisions is not communicated to a degree that would seem to have any practical significance for consumers. Furthermore, the information content of print advertising appears to be clearly superior to that of TV advertising.     

Today’s practice of brand placement and the industry behind it

This article presents a content analysis of brand placement on Dutch television, followed by 24 interviews with the parties involved. By combining a content analysis and a practitioners’ perspective, this article offers unique insights into the increasingly popular phenomenon of integrating advertising into television content. Analysis of one week’s television programming showed that programmes with brand placement are growing into a significant part of Dutch television. A fifth of these sponsored programmes can be classified as brand-integrated programmes in which brands are an intrinsic part of the programme. The practitioner interviews showed that these brand-integrated programmes were considered as the future of advertising. Moreover, the interviews gave insights into the mutual relationships between the different parties, showing that practitioners use the law restrictions to estimate the acceptance levels of the audience with respect to television sponsoring.     

Children's Understanding of TV Advertising: Effects of Age, Gender, and Parental Influence

Parents, consumer organizations, and policy makers are generally concerned about effects of TV advertising directed towards children. These effects might be mediated by children's understanding of TV advertising, that is their ability to distinguish between TV programmes and commercials and their comprehension of advertising intent. In this paper, we investigate children's understanding of TV advertising, using verbal and non-verbal measurements. The sample consists of 153 Dutch children, ranging from 5 to 8 years old, and their parents. The results based on non-verbal measures suggest that most children are able to distinguish commercials from programmes and that they have some insight into advertising intent. The results based on verbal measures are not as conclusive; the percentage of children who show understanding of TV advertising is then substantially lower. Effects of age, gender, and parental influence are assessed using MURALS, a regression analysis technique for categorical and continuous variables, and CHAID, a technique for identifying homogeneous segments on the basis of the relationship between categorical dependent and explanatory variables. The age of a child turns out to have a positive effect. The effects of gender and parent- child interaction are rather small, both for verbal and for non-verbal measures of understanding of TV advertising. A high level of parental control of TV viewing may result in lower understanding of TV advertising. Implications for consumer policy and directions for future research are discussed.     

Comments

Standardisation of international advertising campaigns and relaxed advertising regulations have led to Australian consumers being exposed to higher levels of foreign-produced advertising. The study described here assessed the impact on Australian consumers of foreign spokespersons in TV advertisements using a ‘voice-over’ technique. This technique was assessed with respect to the following characteristics: expertise, trustworthiness, professionalism, likeability, dynamism, similarity to the audience, and their overall attitude towards the advertisement Subjects evaluated either American, British or Australian spokespersons. American and British spokespersons were rated less favourably by Australian audiences than Australian spokespersons across a range of characteristics, but they did not report a less favourable overall attitude towards advertisements that used an American or British spokesperson compared to those with an Australian spokesperson. Hence, the results tend to support the trend towards standardised advertising campaigns. However, since award-winning advertisements were used, other factors that may influence overall attitude, such as message content and creative execution, may have reduced the impact of the negative source evaluations in this case. Further research is required. Yet, in the light of more favourable evaluations of Australian spokespersons, overseas firms promoting products in Australia with Voice-over' advertisements may consider using an Australian spokesperson.     

户外广告受众和投放内容比较分析——以合肥市户外广告市场为例

近年来合肥市的户外广告市场以前所未有的速度持续增长。户外广告与其他媒介相比较具有较大的优势,它覆盖面广,有强大的视觉冲击力和有效的到达率,户外广告的目标受众也越来越细分化。当电视、报纸等传统强势媒介的投放成本越来越高时,户外广告表现出其竞争优势,占据着一定的市场份额。本文主要是对合肥市近年来户外广告的受众和投放内容进行一些探讨和分析。     

TV advertising engagement as a state of immersion and presence

Despite widespread theoretical and practical interest in advertising engagement, scholars and practitioners share little consensus as to what it is and how it can be measured. Guided by the theories of immersion and presence, this research investigates the experiential nature of advertising engagement in the television advertising context. Using survey data (N = 1,115 cases) on thirteen TV advertisements aired during two Super Bowl broadcasts, a definition of the construct is developed and a parsimonious, reliable and valid four-item scale for measuring experiential TV advertising engagement is produced. As conceptualized, TV advertising engagement is an experience independent of its antecedents and consequences, in which the viewer is psychologically immersed in and present with a TV advertisement. These conceptual dimensions are reflected in the four items of the produced scale.     

Determinants of advertising expenditures: aggregate and cross-media evidence

Advertising expenditures account for 1 per cent of developed country GDP, having grown at an average real rate of 5 per cent p.a. over the 1980s. Trends in New Zealand have been similar to trends overseas. Hence analysis of the determinants of advertising in New Zealand should assist understanding of the determinants of advertising expenditures in other developed countries. We discuss changes in NZ's advertising industry and use a multi-equation co-integration framework to model the determinants of NZ advertising expenditure, both in total and across different media. We find that expenditure on advertising in all media is strongly pro-cyclical, that the allocation of expenditures depends on circulation patterns, and that press and magazines are complementary media and are substitutes for TV advertising.