转型经济下中国国有企业的制度创业——以国家开发银行为例的案例研究

对国家开发银行在经济体制改革背景下的制度创业进行了案例分析,构建了转型经济下国有企业制度创业的影响因素模型和策略选择模型,并提出了相应的研究假设。研究发现:当国有企业与地方政府合作进行制度创业时,交易成本、创业者特质、功能压力、社会政治压力以及边界错位对制度创业的动机有正向作用;新兴场域中的网络边缘位置、边界桥接和边界错位对制度创业的机会发现有正向作用;合作策略和蓝海战略对制度创业的经济结果有正向作用;合作策略、蓝海战略、政治策略和理论化策略对制度变迁有正向影响;合作策略和政治策略对制度创业的外部性有正向影响。     

社会网络对社会创业机会识别与开发的作用——以格莱珉银行为例

将社会创业机会识别与开发涉及的社会网络细分为情感性网络、政府支持性网络和商业网络,探讨了各细分网络在社会创业机会识别与开发不同阶段的不同作用,并以孟加拉格莱珉银行为例进行了案例分析和论证。研究结果表明:社会网络能够通过强化社会创业者的社会创业动机和社会创业警觉、提供丰富的信息和资源、降低社会创业组织的交易成本等推动社会创业机会的搜索、感知、评价和利用,从而对社会创业机会识别与开发产生积极影响。     

Let There Be Light: Social Enterprise,Solar Power,and Sustainable Development

Energy poverty is a major problem in the developing world, with nearly 1.3 billion people lacking household electricity. Strikingly, the electrification rate is not only low, but is falling in many countries as population growth outpaces efforts to give more people access to electricity. Seizing the opportunities presented by rapid changes in technology and the availability of renewable energy at continually falling costs, social enterprises have begun to light the darkness and fill in the gap between the public and private provision of electricity. We review the extent of energy poverty and explain why neither the public, nor the private sector has successfully addressed this problem. We also discuss institutional factors that have created an environment conducive to the spread of solar power. To illustrate the social enterprise response, we explain the sector’s three most common approaches to solar electrification. Since the potential benefits of any social innovation revolve around its scalability, we discuss various paths to scale before outlining A.T. Kearney’s “Social Enterprise Accelerator” model as a template for scaling up individual social businesses. To enable greater consistency with an institutional economic framework, we suggest an adaptation of the model. We conclude by highlighting potential benefits and challenges facing solar electrification, including the limits of social enterprise as a stand-alone solution to utility provision.     

制度与社会创业:基于文献的整合框架

社会创业是深嵌于制度情境中的独特创业活动,二者之间的复杂关联是当前社会创业研究的焦点。已有文献对这一问题的探索不仅主题零散,也缺乏一个整合性研究框架。本文运用系统文献综述法对过去30年管理学和创业学主流学术期刊文献进行梳理,概括了四个主要研究议题,即制度对社会创业选择、过程和绩效的影响以及社会创业对制度变革的促进。在此基础上,整合创业研究的“情境-行为-结果”和“情境-思维-行为”两种研究范式,提出了制度与社会创业双向互动的“制度-认知-行为-结果”(简称ICBO)的跨层次分析框架。最后,基于中国情景的历史特征与数字化新兴实践提出了未来研究展望和建议。本文研究有助于深化对社会创业制度成因的认识,也有助于推动合意性的社会创业政策制定。     

制度变迁理论及其在中国的修正

在经济学领域,关于制度变迁问题的研究已经吸引了国内外一大批著名学者的长期关注。但是,现有的文献大多只是对制度变迁的某些方面作局部的研究,还没有形成可以理解该课题的各个方面相关问题的一以贯之的研究范式。因此,有必要通过回顾和梳理制度变迁经济学研究中的一般性理论演进历程及其在中国的应用和产权管制放松等文献成果,把相对独立的几个话题统一在一个范式下,以厘清争论的焦点、形成线索,为下一步讨论提供清晰的理论框架与研究纲领。尤其是,在研究内容、理论创新和方法论这三个方面还需进一步拓展。     

Institutional Economics as Theory of Policy Change: Impact of Past Policy Failures on Present Policy

Social scientists have developed several theories for understanding or evaluating policy change over time. Since all costs or benefits are not internalized owing to positive transaction costs, policymaking is always implemented under cost underestimation conditions and, therefore, is imperfect. I call this trait policy failure in this article. Furthermore, I show that a new framework combining the social costs approach and the legal/economic approach in institutional economics is suitable and can be applied to evaluating how past policy failures affect present policy, providing as an example the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan.     

Economic Ideas and Institutional Change: The Case of the Russian Stabilisation Fund

An intense discussion is taking place in international political economy on the influence of economic ideas on institutional change. Case studies so far have, however, mainly focused on the Western industrialised countries and research seems to be biased towards cases in which new ideas caused lasting institutional change. The present paper addresses these two shortcomings by analysing the case of the Russian Stabilisation Fund (SF). This case is an example both of the impact of global ideas on a non-Western emerging country and of a ‘near miss’ in the sense that imported neoliberal ideas failed to assert themselves enduringly. Paradoxically, it can be shown how the neoliberally based idea of the SF even contributed to the return to Soviet patterns of industrial policy. The main reason for this, we argue, is that the Fund's implementation was not preceded by economic and political debates. Accordingly, the imported institution of the SF had to be filled with ideational content after its implementation.     

Social Innovation,Gender, and Technology: Bridging the Resource Gap

Some of the most important resources are intangible, such as knowledge and access to networks. In the developing world, technology can facilitate these resources and address basic human needs in a variety of ways: from provision of farmer training and cloud-controlled clean water systems to health information and mobile money services. Some of these services expand access to resources in ways that particularly benefit women. In environments where women are disadvantaged socially and economically, information and communications technologies (ICT) can enable women to access valuable information, consider a broader range of business opportunities, access wider markets, partake in educational programs, and share experiences with and gain mentorship from other women. However, there are large gender gaps in the access to technology, particularly in rural areas. To begin, I briefly discuss the role of technology in development, and consider the extent and significance of technology gender gaps. Next, I review key barriers to reducing these gaps, and discuss the concept of social innovation as it applies to technology interventions. Examples from five social innovations in India — a country with large technology gender gaps — illustrate the range of possibilities for innovative access to and use of ICT for diverse target groups. I conclude with some suggestions for further improvement in this area.     

基于制度变迁条件下中国私营企业产权制度模式分析

制度变迁由于受到初级行动团体和次级行动团体的影响,其变迁模式在不同的发展阶段呈现出不同的表现特征。本文通过对改革开放30年来中国私营企业在不同发展阶段的制度变迁模式所做的实证研究,深刻分析了中国在进行经济体制转轨的不同时期影响私营企业产权制度变迁的主体因素,并通过对中央政府、地方政府、非政府组织和私营企业四大主体之间存在的相互博弈关系的研究,提出了未来一个时期内中国私营企业产权制度变迁的模式应该是一种由企业主导、非政府组织、地方政府作为润滑剂或者中介并与中央政府相互协调与相互制衡的“双回路制度变迁模式”。最后就如何优化该产权制度的变迁模式提出了政策建议。     

Brakes on Chinese Development: Institutional Causes of a Growth Slowdown

China has enjoyed spectacular economic growth since the 1980s. Economic models based on production functions typically suggest that China's rapid growth will continue at similarly high rates, but they ignore pressing structural and institutional constraints on its development. Among the problems identified in this paper, we point to an impending demographic shift that will greatly increase the number of economic dependents, the inadequate corporate legal foundation for indigenous private enterprise, and the discriminatory, defective and disruptive system of land tenure. These issues point to a pressing agenda of institutional reform to help China develop in future decades. Reforms have to concentrate on political structures, state efficiency, incentives to educate and train migrant workers, land tenure, and on private enterprise.     

Compound Voids and Unproductive Entrepreneurship: The Rise of the “English Fever” in China

China has emerged as an economic power due, in part, to government policies that opened China to the world and created a modern consumer culture. One of these policies is the advancement of English-language education, including private providers, which has spawned the “English Fever” phenomenon. We use the unique context of the private English-language education industry in China to illustrate the concept of “compound (institutional) voids” and their relationship to unproductive entrepreneurship. Our contribution is in untangling some of the complexities related to institutional relationships, and in describing how compound voids increase the likelihood of rent-seeking behavior.     

制度变迁、政府管理与近代中国经济发展

对于近代中国经济发展的研究,学者们从不同角度提出不同见解。尝试从近代制度变迁与政府管理作用角度对近代中国经济发展进行研究。发现在近代中国经济发展中,宏观上的正式制度与非正式制度变迁以及政府管理对经济增长起到了巨大作用,但也造成了近代中国经济发展的混乱。     

Toward a Political Economy of Markets

In the post-Washington Consensus era, increasing emphasis on private sector-led strategies for economic growth has contributed to the focus of policymakers on entrepreneurship. However, many programs designed to support entrepreneurship are based on an erroneous and biased image of the entrepreneur, with important consequences for development processes and outcomes. Longstanding ideology underlying the entrepreneur as a rugged individual hero shapes not only the masculinist notion of entrepreneurship in most societies, but also the narrow focus and structure of entrepreneurship programs. Microfinance, however, is generally conceptualized as being "different" from other programs, particularly given its informal sector reach and common group lending model. This paper investigates the extent to which microfinance is able to build community, and to sustain individual entrepreneurs' attention to social solidarity economy. Alternative approaches to microfinance, which fundamentally restructure the way it works — specifically considering the issue of community-building — are discussed as a possible "next evolution" of this form of social enterprise.     

Labor Markets,Class Interests,and the Technology of Production

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and multiple natural disasters, the sustainable development agenda has regained popularity, although the meaning of the term “sustainable development” remains contested. I follow the conceptualization emerging from the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 of three interlocking dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. Focusing on the social-environmental nexus of sustainable development, I consider the relationship between gender equity and the environment before turning to one of the most popular interventions for gender equity in the developing world, microfinance. Although microfinance typically is examined along the social-economic nexus (improving gender empowerment via earned income opportunities), I explore its relationship to environmental sustainability and make suggestions for improving the capacity of microfinance in this area.     

中国社会企业战略发展的思考——以深圳残友模式为例

社会企业家把社会公益作为一项风险事业来经营管理,通过商业管理的途径来推动社会事业的发展。本研究选择中国知名社会企业,深圳残友软件股份有限公司为研究主体,通过对社会企业定义与功能的界定,对残友软件在信息技术行业快速发展的历程与特征进行了总结。基于残友软件在过去十几年中招聘人才、提高产品及服务水平、扩大公司规模和得到社会广泛等重要事件以及相关数据,着重分析类似残友这样的中国社会企业在发展过程中可能遇到的诸如企业人力资源、财务以及战略管理等问题,并对残友的战略发展提出建议。     

中国快递业制度变迁的内生动力

随着中国加入WTO并兑现入世承诺,服务业对外资逐渐开放。与许多学者和相关人士在入世前预测国内快递企业将不敌外资企业的结果不同,目前中国快递业的市场格局呈现出“三分天下”的局面。本文认为,在中国加入WTO这样一个外生冲击下,快递行业制度变迁直接的内生动力是企业不同的增长率,基于中国快递业的市场分割状况,笔者结合体制转轨动态模型给出了相应的理论解释。     

企业可持续发展的战略选择：社会责任管理

在经济全球化的背景下 ,社会责任管理是任何一个企业都不能回避的问题 ,它关系到企业的生存和发展。企业应该把社会责任管理作为可持续发展的战略选择 ,并努力构建有效的社会责任管理模式。     

Optimal Timing of Climate Change Policy: Interaction Between Carbon Taxes and Innovation Externalities

This paper addresses the impact of endogenous technology through research and development (R&D) on the timing of climate change policy. We develop a model with a stock pollutant (carbon dioxide) and abatement technological change through R&D, and we use the model to study the interaction between carbon taxes and innovation externalities. Our analysis shows that the timing of optimal emission reduction policy strongly depends on the set of policy instruments available. When climate-specific R&D targeting instruments are available, policy has to use these to step up early innovation. When these instruments are not available, policy has to steer innovation through creating demand for emission saving technologies. That is, carbon taxes should be high compared to the Pigouvian levels when the abatement industry is developing. Finally, we calibrate the model in order to explore the magnitude of the theoretical findings within the context of climate change policy.      

中国皇权专制社会赋税制度变迁的特点

中国皇权专制社会赋税制度变迁的特点,即在“重农抑商”思想下,统治阶级必然对工商税实行重税政策;而田赋和徭役制度变迁的特点是沿着减少交易费用的方向变迁。用新制度经济学的方法对上述问题进行论证,能够为中国皇权社会赋税制度变迁的特点和规律性研究提供新的理论视角。     

Dilemmas of Social Reform (Poverty and Community Action in the United States)

During the last thirty years, one of the most remarkable trends in Western Europe and North America has been the increase in women’s labor force participation rates. However, there has been considerable variation among countries; rates in Southern European countries are markedly lower than in other regions. Standard welfare state regime typology is unable to explain this outcome. This paper tackles the issue by examining the institutional determinants of employment decisions in Spain. Family policies and tax policies greatly influence the labor force participation of women by either promoting or discouraging the employment of mothers. However, these policies do not affect women in the same way. Of particular importance is whether women can claim benefits on the basis of their citizenship, or whether their status as wives or mothers is the link to benefits. By pursuing this line of analysis, the paper explains the low female labor force participation in Spain, providing an important contribution to the welfare state regime literature.