Toward a Political Economy of Markets

In the post-Washington Consensus era, increasing emphasis on private sector-led strategies for economic growth has contributed to the focus of policymakers on entrepreneurship. However, many programs designed to support entrepreneurship are based on an erroneous and biased image of the entrepreneur, with important consequences for development processes and outcomes. Longstanding ideology underlying the entrepreneur as a rugged individual hero shapes not only the masculinist notion of entrepreneurship in most societies, but also the narrow focus and structure of entrepreneurship programs. Microfinance, however, is generally conceptualized as being "different" from other programs, particularly given its informal sector reach and common group lending model. This paper investigates the extent to which microfinance is able to build community, and to sustain individual entrepreneurs' attention to social solidarity economy. Alternative approaches to microfinance, which fundamentally restructure the way it works — specifically considering the issue of community-building — are discussed as a possible "next evolution" of this form of social enterprise.     

社会网络对社会创业机会识别与开发的作用——以格莱珉银行为例

将社会创业机会识别与开发涉及的社会网络细分为情感性网络、政府支持性网络和商业网络,探讨了各细分网络在社会创业机会识别与开发不同阶段的不同作用,并以孟加拉格莱珉银行为例进行了案例分析和论证。研究结果表明:社会网络能够通过强化社会创业者的社会创业动机和社会创业警觉、提供丰富的信息和资源、降低社会创业组织的交易成本等推动社会创业机会的搜索、感知、评价和利用,从而对社会创业机会识别与开发产生积极影响。     

Capabilities and (Missed) Opportunity for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Kuwait

Abstract

Kuwait offers a powerful context for investigating the entrepreneurial cultures developing in Gulf countries in response to the concurrent trends of pursuing economic diversification and efficiency, and the constraints posed by cultural narratives that maintain inequality between the sexes. Bringing a capabilities lens to the analysis of entrepreneurship promotion programs means shifting from a focus on meeting basic human needs to ensuring capabilities development. To begin, we discuss the capabilities approach to entrepreneurship with a focus on the necessity/opportunity classification. Next, we review the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Kuwait, including its focus on opportunity entrepreneurs and the legal, economic, and sociocultural framework in which they operate. After considering the impact of Kuwait’s gender-blind approach on women’s entrepreneurship, we conclude with some suggestions for strengthening Kuwait’s potential for capability expansion through entrepreneurship.     

Let There Be Light: Social Enterprise,Solar Power,and Sustainable Development

Energy poverty is a major problem in the developing world, with nearly 1.3 billion people lacking household electricity. Strikingly, the electrification rate is not only low, but is falling in many countries as population growth outpaces efforts to give more people access to electricity. Seizing the opportunities presented by rapid changes in technology and the availability of renewable energy at continually falling costs, social enterprises have begun to light the darkness and fill in the gap between the public and private provision of electricity. We review the extent of energy poverty and explain why neither the public, nor the private sector has successfully addressed this problem. We also discuss institutional factors that have created an environment conducive to the spread of solar power. To illustrate the social enterprise response, we explain the sector’s three most common approaches to solar electrification. Since the potential benefits of any social innovation revolve around its scalability, we discuss various paths to scale before outlining A.T. Kearney’s “Social Enterprise Accelerator” model as a template for scaling up individual social businesses. To enable greater consistency with an institutional economic framework, we suggest an adaptation of the model. We conclude by highlighting potential benefits and challenges facing solar electrification, including the limits of social enterprise as a stand-alone solution to utility provision.     

社会创业组织与政府的关系研究及其思考

本文从社会创业组织的经济地位演变出发,对其与政府的关系进行研究,指出政府的持续支持是社会创业组织有序发展的保障,社会创业组织的发展也为政府分担了很多的社会公共服务压力,而对政府持续支持的客观评价则是促进社会创业组织可持续发展的重要手段。     

科技公益创业研究的现状与思考

本文对科技公益创业研究的重要性以及目前研究现状进行了分析,并提出进一步研究的内容和思路,具体包括:科技公益创业重要性的分析、科技公益创业维度及其概念的界定、科技公益创业理论框架与创业、公益创业以及一般的科技创业理论框架的差异分析、科技公益创业绩效测评体系研究、国外科技公益创业的成功与失败案例分析等等。     

社会创业绩效评价中的平衡计分卡——系统动力学视角的分析

随着第三部门的发展及社会管理创新的不断深入,社会创业的研究与实践正在快速增长,特别是社会创业绩效评价工作逐渐受到关注.平衡计分卡作为研究与实践最频繁的工具,在应用的过程中也需要进行改进以适应社会创业的特点.首先构建了由学习与发展、内部流程、利益相关者及财务可持续性四个方面所组成的整体结构模型,然后利用平衡计分卡与系统动力学相结合的方法,分析了社会创业绩效评价工作体系指标间的复杂动态因果关系链,从系统动力反馈关系模型和特殊反馈关系的角度揭示了社会创业关键绩效指标间深层次的因果关系,明确了不同维度在实现绩效目标过程里的相互作用,并在此基础上给出了社会创业绩效评价工作应用平衡计分卡的对策与建议.     

大学生创业的动态考察与思索——以北京市为例

近三年的连续调查表明,北京高校大学毕业生创业的比例不高,创业大学生的经营状况也比较困难,没成为我国创业型发展的主要推动力量.大学生创业率较低的成因是多方面的,一是大学生创业意识薄弱,具有生存型创业意愿的分别占43.9％、45.8％、42.9％,宁可失业也不选择创业的占32.2％、20.6％、25.7％;二是大学生创业能力不足,90％的大学生不具备足够的创业能力;三是创业环境较差.应采取多种措施全面推进大学生创业,大学生要提高创业意识和创业能力;高校要大力发展创业教育,加大宣传,扩大创业教育规模,提高教育质量;政府要形成尊重创业的社会氛囤,建立创业基金,成立专业化服务机构,深化户籍、社会保障制度改革,制定优惠政策,优化创业环境,以推动我国大学生创业活动.     

Capabilities,human development,and design thinking: a framework for gender-sensitive entrepreneurship programs

This paper discusses the ways that capabilities and human development theory can guide the creation of entrepreneurship programs, utilizing a framework of human-centered design thinking. It is well known that a variety of institutional factors shape gender outcomes and gender inequality within entrepreneurship, particularly with regard to necessity versus opportunity entrepreneurship and informal versus formal sector entrepreneurship. Failure to understand the diversity of entrepreneurial activity among women, and the connection (or lack thereof) of such activity to human freedom, leads to biased entrepreneurship programs. This paper links social economic theory and practice by: (1) discussing the ways that capabilities and human development theory relate to entrepreneurship programs; (2) demonstrating that human-centered design thinking reflects the capabilities approach; and (3) showing how the design thinking framework would be used to create a gender-sensitive entrepreneurship program.     

企业家精神与南昌众创空间涌现--基于演化经济地理学视角

众创空间大量涌现是近年来新的空间经济景观。文章基于演化经济地理学,研究了企业家精神在南昌众创空间和创客项目形成过程中的作用机制。采用访谈与问卷方法,对6家众创空间进行了访谈,对创客项目发放了45份调查问卷。研究发现,对众创空间而言,创办者社会关系本地嵌入、房产资源的沉没投入是他们在南昌创办众创空间的重要原因;金融资本对企业家在南昌创办众创空间的影响由弱到强。对创客项目而言,尽管创业者的创业知识可能来自外地,但创业者社会关系本地嵌入是他们选择在南昌创业的重要原因;金融资本对创业者的影响也由弱到强。文章还研究了政策对众创空间涌现的影响。与通常默认"双创"政策对众创空间与创客项目涌现具有重要推动作用不同,文章认为政策对众创空间涌现的作用主要为信息杠杆与政策背书,而财政、货币激励主要对政策套利型众创空间涌现产生较强作用。     

Does government paternalistic care promote entrepreneurship in China? Evidence from the China Employer-Employee Survey

ABSTRACT

This article examines whether government paternalistic care exerts positive effects on entrepreneurship in China, and the channels through which paternalistic care affects entrepreneurship, using data from the 2015 baseline of the China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES). The data suggests that over 70% of manufacturing firms received at least one type of government paternalistic care, though the distributions are different depending on the firm’s size, ownership, industry, firm and entrepreneur’s age. The empirical analysis indicates that government paternalistic care negatively affects entrepreneurship by diminishing innovation capability. Human capital and imported intermediate goods should be the driving forces for a firm’s development, but government paternalistic care has a counterproductive effect on those two factors, thereby impeding entrepreneurship. The results show that those good intentions have gone awry. The government should gradually terminate its paternalistic policies for firms, and firms need to promote their own solid innovation capability.

Abbreviations: CEES: China Employer-Employee Survey SOE: State-owned enterprise     

大学草根创业教育的经济学分析

“什么知识最有价值？一致的答案是科学”，“为了那个叫作谋生的间接保全自己，有最大价值的知识是科学。” 在我国就业形势日趋严重的形势下，以斯宾塞的谋生最大价值的知识是科学的思想为指引，在大学教育中重点开设符合学生创业的课程，开展有科学性、针对性、实用性的创业教育。服务当地经济社会发展与贴近当地经济开展实用教育是草根创业教育的原生力，培养大学生的企业家精神是草根创业教育的创新力，促进经济发展是草根创业的经济力。由此可见，改变大学生就业观念，培养学生创业精神，掌握草根创业的科学知识和技能，鼓励大学生草根创业，摸索一条符合中国国情的大学生创业之路，不仅有利于大学毕业生自身的成长与发展，使我国宝贵的人力资源发挥自身的优势，创造宝贵的财富；又能促进地区经济的发展，提升区域生产力水平和经济的知识含量。     

中国情境下的农民创业研究综述与展望

传统的农民特征与时代发展背景、中国特色情境相互交织,为农民创业带来机遇与挑战,也为农民创业研究带来新的主题.基于国内核心期刊的农民创业研究成果,分析了中国农民的特征及中国情境导致的农民差异,梳理近20年来国内农民创业研究所关注的主流问题.基于前因-过程-结果逻辑,提出了中国特色农民创业研究框架,指出了中国农民创业研究的研究热点和主流问题.在此基础上,对中国农民创业研究的未来方向做了展望.     

中国服务业发展悖论——基于“两波”发展模式的研究

本文借鉴最新文献对服务业发展规律的测度方法,用中国1952—2010年的地区面板数据对我国服务业比重变化的长期规律和阶段性特征进行了测度,结果认为:宏观国家层面上,我国服务业比重的变化确实有悖于世界经济整体服务化的趋势;但在地区层面上,我国服务业比重与人均GDP的关系基本符合"服务业比重随经济发展不断上升"的普遍规律,所谓经济服务化的"中国悖论"在地区层面上并不存在;对服务业发展的阶段性特征和地区差异进行分析发现,我国大部分地区仍然处于以传统服务业为主的第一波发展阶段,只有少数地区进入了以现代服务业发展为主导的第二波。文章最后对我国服务业发展规律的成因进行了一般分析和实证检验。     

Revitalising serial entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from a newly emerging economy

In light of the growing national priority to develop and revitalise entrepreneurship in emerging economies, our understanding of barriers to serial entrepreneurship (SE) in such a context warrants further scholarly attention. Using insights from Ghana, an integrated framework of endogenous and exogenous barriers to SE is advanced. The study identified factors such as stigmatisation of business failure, fear of failure, successive governments’ suspicion of the private sector and lack of a clear national policy as barriers to the development of SE. By creating conditions for de-stigmatising of failure, countries would be able to create conditions for more serial entrepreneurs to emerge and flourish. The analysis also indicates that reinvigorating entrepreneurship by providing space and opportunity for failed entrepreneurs to re-emerge would enable such countries to enhance entrepreneurial activities and improve economic development. The implications for technology analysis and strategic entrepreneurship literature are identified and examined.     

山西省创业环境评价——基于改进的层次分析法

在借鉴全球创业观察模型的基础上,通过与专家座谈、征询获取数据,采用极大不相关法进行指标选取,重构了创业环境评价指标体系。运用改进的层次分析法对山西省创业环境进行了评价。结果表明:山西在政策稳定性、政策优惠性及政府工作效率等方面总体较好,但在融资环境、知识支持等方面还存在一些不足。最后,针对山西省创业环境存在的问题给出了"七步走"的改进建议。     

社会创业的概念、特点和研究方向

在梳理国内外社会创业研究的基础上,回答"社会创业是什么"的问题,指出现有研究的不足,并从制度理论、社会运动、社会网络、社会认同和组织身份理论等方面提出未来研究的发展趋势。     

Gender,entrepreneurship and food security in Niger

In many African countries, the income generated from the informal sector and the entrepreneurship is particularly important for reducing poverty. Previous studies have not found clear evidence on the relationship between self‐employment by gender and food security. We argue that this may be a result of the gender inequality in resource accessibility. In this paper, we analyze the implication of household entrepreneurship on food security in Niger, where gender disparities in resource accessibility are reduced. We find that owning female‐managed non‐agricultural enterprises is positively related to food accessibility and food availability within female‐headed households. The results draw the attention on reducing gender differences in resource accessibility in entrepreneurship for improving food security.     

从高校创业教育到创业实践的探析——以斯坦福大学创业教育为例

随着我国高等教育的不断发展,毕业生数量逐年增加,就业矛盾日益突出,以创业带动就业成为趋势,创业教育也因此备受关注。近年来我国高校创业教育发展取得了很大进步,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在较大差距,特别是如何将创业教育与创业实践相结合的问题,使创业教育更好的服务于创业实践。通过对我国创业教育现状和美国斯坦福大学创业教育特点的分析,提出了深化创业教育理念,促进国内外高校的交流与合作、注重创业师资团队建设,增强创业实践教育环节、坚持理论教育与创业实践相结合的从创业教育到创业实践的具体途径,从而使我国的创业教育更具实践意义。     

Expanding the two wings of social capital for value creation: strategic entrepreneurship of HTC, 1997–2008

This study draws on a historical, qualitative case study to explore how a leading Taiwanese high-tech mobile phone manufacturer, HTC, successfully and continuously manoeuvred the two wings of social capital – that is, structural social capital and cognitive social capital – to create value in its strategic entrepreneurial process between 1997 and 2008. Taiwan is a wide-spreading trust-based Chinese Confucian-influenced culture. The process of developing trust-based social capital for value creation consists of three central actions: identifying potential social capital, reinforcing cognitive social capital, and extending structural social capital. Our findings advance knowledge of trust-based social capital based on the perspective of strategic entrepreneurship for value creation and offer practical implications for the mobilisation of social capital. In sum, we suggest that firms could develop trust-based social capital considering business conditions to reduce possible risks or uncertainties of network management in an international arena.