Exploring Residents' Perceptions of the Social Impacts of Tourism on the Sunshine Coast,Australia

ABSTRACT

This study identified residents' perceptions of major social impacts from tourism and their social concerns. A survey of households on the Sunshine Coast region covering the hinterland residential, hinterland high tourist activity, coastal residential and coastal high tourist activity areas of the three shires (Caloundra City Council, Maroochy Shire and Noosa Shire) was carried out to assess residents' perceptions of social impacts. Altogether 732 responses were received. Based on the perceptions of the respondents, the survey results suggest that if rates of resident perceptions are aligned with actual impact, tourism has the highest impact on traffic congestion. Residents perceived that the opportunity to meet people from other regions of the world provides a valuable experience for respondents to better understand their culture and society. The study also found a number of significant correlations between residents' concerns and tourism impact variables. It revealed that the principal area of concern was the lack of capacity of roads and transportation followed by perceived negative impacts on the surrounding environment and crime related incidents.     

Spatial-temporal response patterns of tourist flow under entrance tourist flow control scheme

This paper explores the relationship between tourists' information demand about entrance tourist flow control schemes (ETFCS) and tourists' entrance transfer decision-making behavior, using the case study of the Summer Palace, one of the most important resort destinations in Beijing, China. After discussing tourists' decision-making behavior under ETFCS information, a revealed preference and stated preference survey (N = 1742 valid observations) were created and a joint choice model of tourist's entrance transfer and diversion entrance selection was established. Results show how various ETFCS are formulated and affect tourists' decision-making behavior under different traffic congestion. Sensitivity analysis reveals that tourists' entrance transfer decision-making behavior is related to the entry time of current crowded entrance and the time saved from the diversion entrance. Hence it is possible to formulate ETFCS in terms of tourist's spatial-temporal distribution in order to anticipate the levels of tourist intensity, especially during peak periods.     

The impacts of climate change on tourist mobility in mountain areas

This study investigates the effects of climate change on tourist mobility in mountain areas, distinguishing between infrastructure, transport operation and travel demand. We examine change in tourist travel demand by proposing a two-step approach to forecast its future development. A multi-origin, multi-destination model for tourism demand quantifies the variation in overnight stays within a given region, and a linear, deterministic model determines the traffic-related implications. The method, tested on the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol (Italy), exhibits expected variations in winter and summer travel demand up to 2080 under different scenarios. Results reveal that average summer traffic can be more than twice as intense as average winter traffic, contributing to significantly increasing the peak days of congestion along the Provincial road network. Despite this evidence, all stakeholders seem to be at an early stage in incorporating this information into their strategic planning. The need for adequate transport policies and measures is considered essential to obtain the optimal balance of transport modes that will be required in the near future.     

交通巨变对中国旅游业发展的影响及地域类型划分

文章利用1985～2008年的相关统计数据及2006～2007年中国30个省区截面数据,采用协整分析和格兰杰(Granger)因果关系检验方法,分析了交通客运量与旅游客流量的关系及地域差异.结果发现:(1)从时间序列来看,旅游客流量与交通客运量之间存在着某种均衡关系,入境客流量与航空客运量存在单向格兰杰因果关系,铁路客运量和公路客运量与入境客流量存在单向格兰杰因果关系；航空客运量和公路客运量与国内旅游客流量存在单向格兰杰因果关系,铁路客运量与国内客流量无格兰杰因果关系.(2)从30个省区的截面数据分析,发现入境客流量与民航客运量呈明显的线性相关,国内客流量与公路客运量呈明显的二次函数关系,据此计算了入境旅游对航空客运和国内旅游对公路客运依赖程度,将全国30个省区划分为不同的依赖—偏好类型.为认识陆路交通与旅游业的发展提供了重要依据.     

Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints

Scholars and local planners are becoming increasingly interested in the contribution of tourism to economic and social development. In the European cities that currently lead the world rankings for tourist arrivals, local governments have actively promoted tourism. Mobility is an essential issue for tourists visiting large cities, since it is a crucial factor for their comfort. It also facilitates the spread of benefits across the city. This study uses an international database of European cities to examine whether city planners respond to the additional demand for urban public transport by extending service supply. Our results confirm that tourism intensity is a demand-enhancing factor in urban public transport. However, cities do not seem to address this pressure by increasing services. Tourism appears to exert a positive externality on public transport, since it provides additional funding for these services, but it also imposes external costs on resident users because of the congestion caused by supply constraints.     

西安旅游气候舒适度与客流量年内变化相关性分析

气候舒适度是影响旅游地开发的重要因素，直接影响到旅游季节的长短及客流量的年内变化。利用近30年气候资料，对西安及周边山地旅游气候舒适性进行了评价，划分了适宜性等级和时段分布；结合2000-2002年入境旅游、国内旅游和本地游憩客流量的年内变化，划分了旅游活动的淡旺季和月指数；在对气候舒适度与特殊因子数值化的基础上，采用OLS方法建立了客流量月指数与气候舒适度的相关性。结果显示：入境游客年内变化受气候影响，入境旅游月指数气候弹性系数3．44％；大雁塔和骊山国内旅游不仅受气候舒适性影响，还受“五一”和“十一”黄金周影响，客流量月指数气候弹性系数为2．06％和2．33％；太白山和楼观台本地居民游憩，还受4～5月春游、8月学生暑假和9月秋淋的影响，客流量月指数的气候弹性系数为2．99％和2、64％。本项研究为西安市及周边客流量预测和景区规划提供了科学依据。     

Suzhou’s water grid as urban heritage and tourism resource: an urban morphology approach to a Chinese city

ABSTRACT

Historically, many cities were served by water transport as an important mode of circulation. Suzhou in China is a case in point. Its orthogonally designed water-based grid was connected to the Grand Canal and the Tai Lake. Merchants and travellers entering into Suzhou would go through city gates serving both waterborne and road traffic. The water grid once played an important role for commercial activities and social interactions in the city, but over time, more and more canals were filled to pave roads and build houses. The transport system has by now almost entirely switched to the street grid. Drawing on historical maps, chronicles, artwork and existing studies, this paper employs urban morphology as a method to understand the significance of waterways for the identity of Suzhou. The authors argue that the waterways have a high heritage value, but lack practical functions. Tourism development is then presented as a chance to reactivate the water grid for heritage conservation, transport and the enhancement of tourist experiences. The paper supports this argument based on concrete findings, and it critically reflects on the meaning of heritage and discusses the appropriateness of the urban morphology approach for heritage research.     

Estimating Congestion Costs and Segmenting Motivations for Recreational Festivals

This paper aims to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to reduce congestion and to segment the market of visitors by motivations. A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method and survival analysis are adopted to estimate congestion costs for tourists. Analysis of variance is used to test the satisfaction and the WTP of tourists among the segmented motivation groups. Exploratory factor analysis method is conducted to extract four major factorial dimensions, and cluster analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of visitors' motivations into three clusters. The average amount that a tourist is willing to pay to mitigate congestion is US$2.22. The most important market segmentation is the “pursuit of multiple goals”, which has the largest segment of the market. Festival managers need to mitigate overcrowding and identify the segmentation information to develop effective strategies and to refine advertising campaigns to attract more people.     

城市旅游地意象空间分析——以南昌市为例

意象空间分析对旅游地规划与开发具有重要的指导意义.本文以城市游客为研究对象,采用照片选取和意象草图调查相结合的方法对南昌市旅游地意象空间进行研究.研究表明.南昌市旅游地的意象空间结构以"矩形"为特征;对典型地物出现频率进行统计发现,地标性景点和道路出现的概率最大,功能区域和城市边缘出现的概率次之,节点出现的频率最少;南昌市意象空间地图与旅游交通地图相比,在涉及的空间范围、包含的景点数量和结构的复杂程度等方面都存在着较大差异.     

江苏省乡村旅游地空间分布及其影响因素研究

本文以江苏省657家星级乡村旅游地为研究样本,综合运用最邻近指数、核密度估计、缓冲区分析、地理探测器等多种空间分析与统计方法,探究江苏省乡村旅游地空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）江苏省乡村旅游地呈集聚分布,在苏北地区呈单核心空间分布,在苏中、苏南地区连绵呈环状分布格局。（2）江苏省乡村旅游地具有“沿路傍水” “环城近景”的分布特征,100万城镇人口是乡村旅游地集聚发展的门槛,大城市周边更容易形成乡村旅游地聚集区。（3）单因子探测结果发现,江苏省乡村旅游地空间分布受多种因素的综合影响,其中经济因素影响程度最高,其次是自然因素和社会因素。（4）双因子交互探测结果显示,经济、社会、自然因素间的交叉作用显著性突出,空气质量与第一产业是乡村旅游地发展的前提条件,交通运输是基础性保障因素,邻近拥有富裕客源的大城市是促使乡村旅游地集聚发展的根本原因。研究结果可为区域乡村旅游产业的布局优化与可持续发展提供参考。     

Effects of location on Airbnb apartment pricing in Málaga

The relatively recent social movement known as the “sharing economy” is becoming increasingly visible in online peer-to-peer platforms. One such platform is Airbnb; an accommodation marketplace which provides access to tourist accommodation. These platforms are having an important social and economic impact on tourist destinations such as Málaga, Spain. This paper presents a spatial econometric hedonic model that explains the pricing strategy of Airbnb tourist apartments in Málaga using factors such as host, guest, structural characteristics, and location. In relation to locational factors, the model in this study confirms the impact of spatial spillover effects, accessibility to certain amenities, traffic noise, walkability, and the ethnicity of residents in the neighborhood where the listing is located.     

高速铁路影响下的全国旅游景点可达性研究

世界旅游强国离不开良好交通的支持,而作为交通中非常重要的高速铁路的快速发展,必将有力地促进区域旅游的发展。文章探讨了2020年全国高铁网络影响下旅游景点可达性空间格局及其变化,分析旅游目的地与客源地市场空间格局变化特征,在全国尺度下定量分析高速铁路建设对旅游客源地与目的地可达性的影响。测度2020年规划高铁通车前后旅游可达性空间格局与变化。结果显示:高铁开通后,高铁沿线城市可达景点数量显著增加;尤其是"日"字形高铁沿线城市与景点的增加值最高,将成为我国重要旅游经济带,高铁沿线城市与景点是高铁网络效应的主要受益者,高铁服务带来了时空压缩效应,即高铁的开通不仅缩短旅游客源地和目的地之间的时间距离、加强了两地之间的联系,也实现了旅游者跨区域的快速外部交通,而这种快捷效应的延续同样离不开城市内部交通网络的优化,缩短中心城市到旅游景区的时间,将会进一步增强景区的吸引力。     

旅华英国游客O→D旅游客流动力机制研究

文章在分析目前客源地→目的地旅游客流动力机制相关研究理论现状与不足的基础上,提出了＂推—拉—阻＂旅游动力机制。然后,在10个热点旅游城市采用100分制6点等距量表,以537份旅华英国游客有效问卷数据为依据,对旅华英国游客来我国城市旅游的旅游动力中的推力因子、拉力因子、阻力因子及其权重进行了研究。研究结果表明,旅华英国客流旅游动力中主要有8大推力因子、9大拉力因子和7大阻力因子,推力在促动力中占44%,拉力在促动力中占56%,阻力相当于促动力的39%。     

Nonconstant reputation effect in a dynamic tourism demand model for Spain

Following the ideas of the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory, we propose a dynamic econometric model for tourism demand where the reputation effect (the effect of the lagged demand on the current tourism demand) is not constant, but dependent on congestion. We test the model using panel data from Spanish regions during the period 2000–2013. Two estimations are performed depending on whether the tourists' origin is domestic or international. The results show that the reputation effect is not constant in both estimates, supporting the idea that tourism congestion influences tourist arrivals in Spain.     

Operating Efficiency of International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan by Taking Into Account Congestion

ABSTRACT

This study measures the congestion efficiency of 69 international tourist hotels (ITHs) in Taiwan between 1998 and 2009. Out of 69 ITHs, 62 faced a congestion situation and the number of guest rooms and total floor spaces of the catering divisions are the main congesting factors. The distance to a mass rapid transit station, pick-up service, and established years have significantly negative effects on congestion efficiency of ITHs, while the distance to nearest airport has a significantly positive impact on efficiency. American and Japanese tourists, independent ownership, and rural location significantly help improve an ITH’s efficiency.     

旅游者在西安地区的空间活动特征研究

旅游目的地区域游客的空间运行方式是指游客在旅游目的地区域内旅游线路及景点的选择行为方式,主要体现在目的地区域内旅游客流的流向与流量.本文通过对游客在西安地区的空间流向以及各著名景点流量的研究,揭示游客在旅游目的地区域内的空间运行特征,为优化西安地区旅游空间结构提供依据.     

Self-drive tourism attributes: influences on satisfaction and behavioural intention

Self-drive tourism differs from other types of tourism in many aspects, such as the importance of accessibility by roads and the attractiveness of multiple destinations along the way. Little research has investigated self-drive tourism attributes systematically. Moreover, the consequences of these attributes, namely, tourist satisfaction and post-visit behavioural intentions, have not been examined. This study aims to fill these gaps. The study is based on 377 observations collected in Xinjiang Province, China, which is a popular domestic self-drive tourism destination. Results show that two factors of self-drive tourism attributes explain the data well. Destination characteristics positively affect tourist satisfaction but driving conditions do not. Tourist satisfaction positively leads to the intention to recommend and revisit. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in the area of self-drive tourism and suggests implications to practitioners.     

An application of the vicious circle schema to the World Heritage Site of Macau

Visitor congestion is a phenomenon that can be observed in many World Heritage Sites (WHSs). Is this a sign that the WHSs have entered the mature phase of the tourism area life cycle? In addressing this question, this study applies as an alternative explanation the vicious circle schema, using the WHS of Macau. The research uses multiple methods: photo interpretation and analysis, a face-to-face questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews with Macau's local residents and governors, and a simultaneous measure of visitor congestion by 140 research assistants. The results of this case study support the four hypotheses that are integral to the vicious circle schema, such as the expansion of the tourist area, a high proportion of shorter visits, congestion and a down-grading of the quality of the tourism products. It concludes that the vicious circle schema is applicable to the WHS of Macau, and the phenomenon of overcrowding might not be a signal for the consolidation stage of the WHS of Macau.     

高速公路差异化收费引导假日旅游供需平衡研究

2012年8月,国务院下发通知,首次在全国范围内重大节假日免收小型汽车高速公路通行费。免费新政下,国庆期间游客都扎堆涌向了全国各名胜古迹,高速公路拥堵不堪,超饱和的景点和拥堵的道路大大降低了游客出游幸福感。缺乏必要的流量控制措施导致国内景点冰火两重天,给旅游业的持续健康发展打上了问号。文章基于经济学中"价格歧视"策略与社会福利最大化理论,探索性提出高速公路重大节假日差异化收费用于合理引导居民出游,增进社会福利。通过对经济学理论图示法分析和建立高速公路差异化收费影响游客出行选择的数学模型,从定性和定量角度客观分析得到利用差异化收费机制和游客自我选择机制的相互作用,可将热门景点的过量游客分流到冷门景点,平衡景点之间的供给与需求,保障旅游业可持续健康发展,也能确保社会福利不致流失。     

基于出游半径的自驾车旅游市场特征差异分析——以苏州市为例

自驾车旅游成为休闲旅游的重要方式。自驾出游半径不同市场需求存在一定差异,根据市场需求差异开发适应市场需求的自驾车旅游产品,对自驾车旅游市场发展具有重要意义。本文通过市场抽样调查方法,分析苏州市出游半径不同的5类自驾车旅游市场特征差异。结果表明,5类自驾车旅游市场在旅游动机、信息渠道、出游方式、出游时间、停留时间和旅游消费等6个方面存在一定差异性,但差异程度不同;研究还发现,影响自驾车旅游市场发展的主要限制性因素是道路标识系统不完善、旅游服务设施建设滞后、自驾车旅游经济成本高以及驾车安全隐患等4个方面;最后针对不同类型自驾车旅游市场特征以及影响其发展的因素,提出科学合理的自驾车旅游市场开发对策。