Marginal Distance: Does Export Experience Reduce Firm Trade Costs?

Are the costs of exporting to a market reduced if a firm has experience of exporting to a neighbouring market? If so, does this effect operate through reducing entry barriers or by increasing sales once the firm is operating in the market? This paper examines linkages between current export destinations and entry, sales and exit for new markets. We find that measures of exporting experience in geographically nearby markets increase the probability of entry into a market and reduce the probability of exit. However, these same measures have very limited effect on the firm’s export sales in the market. The effect of related experience on sales tends to be negative for recently entered firms. We interpret this result in the context of the Melitz heterogeneous-firm model of trade by showing that lower fixed costs reduce the entry threshold, but this lower threshold has the effect of allowing lower-sales marginal firms to be present in the market.     

从ASML和Nikon专利诉讼案例看国产光刻设备知识产权建设

光刻设备是集成电路（IC）制造的核心设备，是高科技强国的战略性产品，也是当前国际科技竞争的主要战场和博弈焦点。目前，全球的高端光刻机市场已被荷兰ASML公司垄断，且其具备严密的全球知识产权布局。而光刻设备的国产替代作为市场后入者，知识产权建设起步晚，并不占据优势地位。通过对光刻领域两大国际巨头ASML和Nikon在各自产品发展过程中不同阶段发生的专利诉讼案例的全面分析，探究在集成电路（或半导体）这样的技术密集型产业领域，知识产权诉讼中国际行业巨头常用的策略和技巧，进而得到对国产光刻装备知识产权建设的重要启示。     

品牌的效用及其与其他知识产权的互动与统摄—以创新型企业的知识产权战略为视角

广义上的品牌,其外延包括商标、商号、商业域名、企业徽标、地理标志、装潢、认证类标记等。它和其他知识产权一样都是我国创新型企业的财富源泉和竞争优势。同时,品牌是创新型企业知识产权战略的首选,像中华老字号、地理标志和原产地名称等品牌资源是我国企业跻身国际市场的优势所在。同时,品牌能产生派生效应。品牌和企业的其他知识产权是互动的。品牌统摄着其他知识产权,其原因主要是品牌的生命力超过了其他具体的知识产权,这也是现阶段我国国情所决定的。     

Patents and trademarks in pharmaceuticals

While the role of patents and trademarks in reinforcing the market power of TNCs operating in the pharmaceutical industry is beyond doubt, the possibilities of reducing such market power through public policies dealing with industrial property in developing countries are less clear. Evidence on policies aimed at eliminating or weakening patent rights, and/or at promoting the use of generic names instead of trademarks for pharmaceuticals is examined. It is concluded that these policies are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for modifying the current market structure of the pharmaceutical industry in developing countries.     

The Impact of Industry Characteristics and IPR Policy on Foreign Direct Investment

This paper investigates the interaction of industry characteristics and intellectual property rights (IPRs) on multinational firm behavior. The results suggest that firms in industries with high capital costs are more likely to maintain control over production knowledge in countries with less intellectual property protection by engaging in foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, when IPRs are strong, firms in industries with high investment in research and development (R&D) are more likely to enter a market by licensing to an unaffiliated host firm. JEL no. F23, C25, O34     

海西创新带动战略对经济增长的作用分析及政策建议

文章结合海西建设的实际对海西创新带动的现状进行深入的分析,主要从经济效益、科技进步环境,科技活动投入,科技活动产出,高新技术产业化的贡献等方面进行全面、深入的分析,并针对海西创新带动战略提出相应的政策建议,主要从构建自主创新体系,建立企业市场化中介,知识产权保护战略,高科技企业品牌建设等方面加强海西创新带动战略。     

论WTO规则约束下地方政府在外贸领域的自主创新促进政策

为了鼓励出口企业自主创新,特殊经济区的地方政府可对国家没有实行全额出口退税但具有中国专利、已登记作品版权或自有出口商标的产品实行出口货物增值税未退进项税额地方财政部分返还政策,沿海经济发达地区的地方政府可对出口产品实行受托设计项目营业税地方财政减半返还政策和免费提供海外市场自主知识产权覆盖公共服务政策。     

Competition and Big 6 Brand Name Reputation: Evidence from the Ontario Municipal Audit Market*

The 1991 amendment to the auditor appointment requirement of section 86 of the Ontario Municipal Act removes certain barriers to entry into the Ontario municipal audit market. The purpose of this study is to provide evidence that the amendment has enhanced competition in this market. The results indicate that there is a general reduction in the real municipal audit fees compared with the pre‐amendment levels, and that the market has become more contestable following the amendment. Notwithstanding the heightened competition, the Big 6 audit firms continue to command audit fee premiums over the non‐Big 6 audit firms. This suggests that Big 6 audit fee premiums possibly reflect brand name reputation rather than monopoly/oligopoly rents.     

The effect of intellectual property rights on international trade and investment

The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on International Trade and Investment. — The widespread debate regarding extended recognition of intellectual property rights across borders has not been matched by empirical investigation regarding the effect of such international recognition of intellectual property as exists in the status quo. In this paper, the effects of membership in intellectual property treaties is investigated in the context of U.S. exports, foreign affiliate sales, and flows of royalties and license fees. Membership in intellectual property treaties increases the flows of payments and receipts for intellectual property as long as domestic patent protection is sufficiently strong. U.S. parents export more to subsidiaries in countries which do not adhere to such treaties, but their impact on arms’-length exports and foreign investment is minimal.     

药品暴利的成因与制度对策

在中国,由于政府对医疗卫生领域的管制,以及医院对处方药销售权的垄断,使得真正的市场作用,在医药零售领域严重缺失,看病难、看病贵的问题越发突出,医疗体制改革积重难返。本文通过对医药行业的特殊属性、行业乱象进行分析,探究解决药品暴利问题的制度对策,认为政府在医疗体制改革的问题上,必须尊重市场,按照市场规律办事,放开对医疗领域的严格管制;在法治化的条件下,适当地对医疗市场失灵进行调节,从而使中国药品市场走上更加充分、有序、福利最大化的市场竞争之路。     

构建知识产权的惩罚性赔偿制度研究——以金融危机下的中小型企业知识产权保护为切入点

在金融危机下将惩罚性赔偿制度引入知识产权的法律保护领域,对于保护中小型企业的知识产权具有重大战略意义。由于中小型企业自有资金较为薄弱,在金融危机下更是抓襟见肘。中小型企业需要在其知识产权受到侵害时进行维权,但考虑到诉讼成本之高,最终所获得的赔偿又往往很低。如此一来,在资金短缺的金融危机下,中小型企业要做出知识产权维权诉讼的抉择,必将十分困难。这时引进惩罚性赔偿制度,凭借其威慑与惩罚两大功能,从而在知识产权制度中发挥对侵权人的遏制、对被侵权人进行"相对充分"的赔偿以及鼓励被侵权人积极参与维权诉讼的三大作用。至于惩罚性赔偿的适用,我们可以将惩罚性赔偿金分为三个部分,即被告的所得以及基于其可谴责性而给予的惩罚、对原告适度并且固定的奖励金已经原告的律师费用。     

知名服务特有名称认定与知识产权侵权损害赔偿要件探讨

在知识产权研究领域中关于知名商品的特有名称司法认定和知识产权侵权案件中的损害赔偿问题始终争论不一,本文首先对知名商品的特有名称做出了司法认定,提出了对知名服务特有名称的认定标准。最后分析了知识产权侵权案件中的损害赔偿构成要件问题。     

军工科研院所自主创新中知识产权的作用

当前军工科研院所经济发展正向军民结合、宜军宜民方向发展,业务范围也正由军品向民用领域关联发展,产品市场化竞争的程度越来越高,环境对科研院所自主创新的能力提出了更高的要求。知识产权从其诞生起就将市场经济和自主创新紧密连接起来,其被称为"浇在智慧火花上的利益之油",在军工科研院所参与市场化竞争、求得生存与发展的过程中其将扮演越来越重要的角色。本文通过对科研院所自主创新中知识产权的形成以及现状分析,就知识产权在科研院所自主创新中发挥的作用进行了一些探究。     

树品牌,促进中国房地产市场的发展

品牌已经成为企业竞争的一种手段,但中国房地产市场对企业品牌的塑造认识不够,本文通过对品牌作用、地产市场现状进行论述,提出了中国房地产企业应如何塑造企业品牌。     

我国域名投资市场分析

域名就是企业网站的名字,域名同企业的商标一样,是企业无形资产的重要组成部分。在确定企业电子商务网站的域名时,最好能选用企业已有商标或企业名称,或选择简单和易记易用的名字。域名选择好后,还要注意对域名的保护。域名注册近乎一本万利的回报率使"域名抢注"一跃成为流行于IT人中炙手可热的一种新兴的投资方式。对于域名注册市场,我们国家的相关政策是鼓励的。域名投资机遇与风险同在,域名投资很多集中于热门词汇,也可以注册被删除的过期域名。     

重型商用车品牌竞争力评价及提升对策研究

在市场整体下滑、竞争日趋加剧的背景下,重型商用车企业如何提升品牌竞争力已成为决定其可持续发展的重要因素。首先从市场竞争力、品牌表现力、技术掌控力及销售服务力四个维度构建重型商用车品牌竞争力评价指标体系,运用层次分析法结合标准正态分布曲线构建数学评价模型。进而选取陕汽、东风、华菱三个国内具有代表性的重型商用车品牌开展实证评价研究,并基于实证评价结果对新常态下重型商用车的发展进行PEST分析,最后从技术、管理、营销等多个方面提出提升重型商用车品牌竞争力的对策建议。     

Switching Costs in the Wholesale Distribution of Cigarettes

Recent theories of price wars triggered by entry assign a critical role to switching costs in explaining price and output changes. Earlier, Elzinga and Mills (1998) showed that actual switching patterns following an episode of new entry in an industry are driven by the fact that buyers have different switching costs. The current paper draws on transaction-specific price and shipments data surrounding the 1984-1985 price war in generic cigarettes to explore the size and determinants of switching costs among wholesale cigarette distributors. Results show that switching costs vary across firms and are nontrivial in magnitude. Several implications of the findings are discussed.     

营商环境视域下巴州旅游知识产权保护研究

旅游者对个性化和精神享受的追求促使知识产权成为旅游市场的核心竞争要素。旅游经营者的知识产权开发意识已经觉醒,但运用商标权、著作权和专利权等知识产权的能力还不足,需要继续培育和加强保护。目前旅游知识产权的保护还不完善,表现为公共服务需求还得不到满足、行政保护有待加强、社会保护发展缓慢。要通过完善旅游知识产权公共服务、强化旅游知识产权行政执法、鼓励旅游知识产权服务机构发展等措施,形成旅游知识产权保护体系,改善旅游营商环境。     

试论知识产权制度与市场经济的关系

知识产权制度产生于市场经济土壤,并随着市场经济的发展不断完善。知识产权制度又作为一种重要的政策工具作用于市场经济,其通过法律手段调节因智力创造而产生的相应关系,起到激励发明创造、维护知识市场竞争秩序、增强社会创新能力的作用。认识二者作用与反作用的关系对于我国社会主义市场经济发展中如何建立与利用适当的知识产权制度以增强国家的综合实力具有十分重要的意义。     

改革开放四十年天津知识产权发展回顾与战略展望

系统回顾天津知识产权发展历程,对分析和把握天津知识产权战略定位、谋划未来发展具有重要意义。通过梳理改革开放以来天津知识产权发展的重要事件和阶段特点,总结出天津知识产权建设的“五个得益于”经验,从知识产权创造、运用、保护、管理和服务方面剖析了当前天津知识产权工作面临的主要形势和问题,提出天津应以建设知识产权强市和全国知识产权保护高地为核心,重点推进八个方面建设的战略与对策,供决策参考。