资本市场错误定价、融资约束与公司融资方式选择

本文运用2000-2013年中国A股上市公司年数据,研究了资本市场错误定价对不同融资约束水平公司融资方式选择的影响。研究发现,对于股权融资,无论融资约束水平高低,错误定价对公司股权融资均具有显著的正向影响;对于债务融资,股价高估会显著促进高融资约束公司的债务融资,包括长期债务融资和短期债务融资,而对低融资约束公司则不存在显著影响。同时还发现,错误定价对高融资约束公司短期债务融资的正向影响要远高于长期债务融资。这表明,在中国资本市场,资本市场错误定价对不同融资约束水平公司融资方式选择的影响存在显著差异,对高融资约束公司的影响表现为股权融资、短期债务融资、长期债务融资的融资优序现象,而对低融资约束公司则不存在这一现象。     

新三板分层制度、融资约束与企业研发投入

基于2014—2021年新三板中小企业的面板数据实证考察分层制度对研发投入的影响,从微观角度分析融资约束在其中发挥的作用机制,并进一步分视角探讨分层制度对不同类型企业研发投入存在的异质性影响。结果表明：新三板分层制度显著促进中小企业研发投入提升,融资约束在分层制度对研发投入的影响中发挥中介作用;异质性研究表明,分层制度对研发投入的促进作用在民营企业、东部地区企业以及高科技企业中更加显著,且融资约束发挥中介传导作用;进一步研究表明,融资约束对研发投入的抑制作用存在分段现象。文章研究成果对于加快推进新三板改革进程、改善中小企业融资环境、提升中小企业的研发能力有一定参考价值。     

利率市场化与公司现金持有

利率市场化作为我国一项重要的金融改革对微观企业的现金持有决策产生了重要的影响。本文以2007～2017年我国非金融类上市公司为研究样本,考察了利率市场化对公司现金持有的影响,研究发现:利率市场化与公司现金持有水平呈正相关关系;利率市场化没有通过融资约束路径影响公司现金持有,而是经由公司治理效应路径在抑制超额持现的过度投资、增加公司现金持有水平的同时,增加了企业的研发投入;利率市场化对公司现金持有的影响在非国有企业、成长性高的企业和违约风险高的企业中更加明显,并且利率市场化下的现金持有行为对企业价值的提升作用主要存在于现金持有水平较低的样本。     

融资约束、审计费用与现金持有价值

审计费用和现金持有价值是公司财务审计研究领域的两个重要话题。审计费用高低所隐含的公司风险程度影响着投资者对公司增加现金持有量将产生积极还是消极效应的判断,会导致公司股票超额回报率的变化,进而也可能影响其现金持有价值,目前尚无相关的研究。本文以现金持有的边际价值模型为基础,引入审计费用和融资约束变量,对融资约束条件下审计费用与公司现金持有价值的关系进行研究后发现,过高的审计费用会降低公司的现金持有价值,审计费用增加得越多,公司的现金持有价值越低。进一步的分析发现,相对于其面临较高程度的融资约束时,公司面临较低程度的融资约束时审计费用对其现金持有价值的负向影响更为显著。     

融资租赁、银行信贷与企业投资

本文从企业投资视角探讨融资租赁与银行信贷之间是否存在替代关系,以及融资约束对于两者关系的作用机理。通过手工整理中国沪深两市 2004-2016 年间全部 A 股上市公司的年度融资租赁数据,并结合公司财务数据进行实证检验,结果表明:融资租赁和银行信贷都能够显著促进公司投资效率提高,并且融资租赁对于银行信贷具有显著的替代效应。本文进一步从融资约束视角验证融资租赁替代银行信贷的影响机制,发现公司的有形性资产净值率较低、资产负债率较高或是民营企业,则公司面临的融资约束程度越严重,融资租赁对银行信贷的替代作用就会越大。这不仅为融资租赁有助于实体经济发展提供了微观证据,也对于持续深化金融供给侧结构性改革,助力“六稳”“六保”具有政策启示。     

融资约束、金融发展与企业雇佣——来自中国企业调查数据的经验证据

基于世界银行提供的中国企业调查数据,本文分析了融资约束和金融发展对企业雇佣的影响。研究发现:在缓解内生性问题后,融资约束对企业雇佣需求有显著负面影响,即在其他条件不变情况下,企业感知到的融资难度每增加1个单位,其正式员工的雇佣增长率将下降3.1%。以2003年中国人民银行对货币信贷过快增长进行调控为自然实验,发现紧缩性的货币政策操作对企业雇佣需求有显著负面冲击;金融发展可以缓解企业融资约束,且金融发展对企业雇佣的促进作用主要体现在制造业、大中型及发展成长中的企业。本研究为理解金融因素对劳动力市场的需求提供了微观经验证据。     

增值税转型、集团控制与企业投资北大核心CSSCISSCI

现有研究多局限于探讨增值税转型对企业投资的整体影响,而集团控制是影响投资的重要因素,集团公司与独立公司投资行为存在差异,那么增值税转型对这两类企业的影响是否也有差别,目前尚无从这一视角分析的文献。本文研究发现增值税转型背景下集团公司的固定资产投资规模显著高于独立公司,且两权分离度越高,差距越大。对两类企业投资动因研究显示,融资约束是影响集团公司与独立公司投资行为的主要因素,并且随着两权分离度的提高,代理成本对两类公司尤其是集团公司投资行为的影响也会提高。此外,增值税转型中集团公司的过度投资显著高于独立公司。     

企业投资行为及其影响因素——基于四川306户工业企业的问卷调查分析

本文借助直接关注“行为过程”的问卷调查,考察了市场不完善条件下四川306户工业企业的投资行为动机及影响因素。研究表明：市场化导向的投资动机已初步形成,但市场化并不纯粹;在存在融资约束和实际利率为负条件下,企业投资支出不再主要取决于利率等成本因素,而主要由对未来市场的预期和企业自身的财务状况——盈利水平决定。     

增值税转型对企业融资约束的影响研究

本文基于2009年增值税转型改革,研究了后危机时代税制改革对企业融资约束的缓解作用。研究发现,增值税转型主要是通过对内源融资约束的缓解改善企业的融资约束,其政策效应呈逐年显现的状态。进一步研究发现,增值税转型对非国企融资约束的缓解作用强于国企;高管的金融背景越强,增值税转型对融资约束的缓解作用越大;企业所处地区的市场化程度越高,增值税转型对融资约束的缓解作用越明显。本文的研究不仅丰富了相关研究成果,拓展了宏观经济政策如何作用于微观企业、影响其财务行为的研究领域,结论对正在进行的营业税改征增值税的试点工作也具有一定参考价值。     

政府欠款清理、流动性约束与民营企业稳就业

在国家不断强调“稳就业”的政策背景下,本文以政府在市场经济中的作用为主要脉络,系统考察政府欠款清理如何影响民营企业劳动力雇佣决策,以期为如何实现“稳就业”目标提供理论依据和实践参考。基于双重差分方法的估计结果显示,政府欠款清理促使民营企业的劳动力雇佣显著增加,且这一效应在融资约束严重、成长性较高和制造业的企业中更为明显。机制检验证实,政府欠款清理促进民营企业劳动力雇佣的核心机制在于流动性约束缓解,具体表现为投资-现金流敏感度下降、现金持有和应付账款减少、以及股利支付增加。本文结论表明,在政府欠款清理影响企业劳动力雇佣决策的过程中,流动性约束缓解效应扮演着重要角色,这对如何激励企业稳定现有就业并创造新就业岗位具有重要启示意义。     

How does the financial environment affect the stock market valuation of R&D spending?

This paper investigates the role of the financial environment in the stock market valuation of research and development (R&D) spending by firms. We examine the importance of equity financing relative to bank financing and the importance of both relative to the size of the economy on the stock market valuation of R&D expenditures. Empirical analysis of the Compustat Global Vantage firm-level data indicates that, the more market-based a financial system is, the more R&D expenditures are valued by the stock market. The degree of financial development does not appear to be important. Our results remain materially unchanged after controlling for numerous firm and country differences.     

混改背景下国有企业股权性质变化对企业创新效率的影响

党的十九大强调了“发展混合所有制经济”,国企混改将对企业创新效率产生一定的影响。为此,基于2009-2018年上市公司的财务数据和专利数据,运用双重差分模型和中介效应模型考察改制后国有企业的专利数量和质量的变化情况。结果表明：国有企业改制对企业的专利产出效率有积极作用,但是对企业的专利质量效率有消极作用,即国有企业改制会通过改变企业的融资约束和研发投入对企业的创新效率产生影响,融资约束和研发投入均对专利数量有遮掩作用,对专利质量有部分中介效用,改制后企业将更加重视企业经济目标,注重短期的专利数量成果,从而忽视创新专利的质量。     

Peer R&D disclosure and corporate innovation: Evidence from American depositary receipt firms

In this paper, we examine the effect of peer research and development (R&D) disclosures on corporate innovation. R&D disclosures can generate externalities for related firms, enabling those firms to better infer a project's likely payoffs and thus prioritize projects with higher net present values. We use a sample of foreign firms cross-listed on U.S. exchanges to investigate whether U.S. peer firms experience externalities from the cross-listing firm's R&D disclosures. We find that R&D disclosures by cross-listing firms are associated with greater innovation for industry peers in the U.S. market, especially when product market competition is high. The effect also varies with the home country's legal protection systems, disclosure environments, and accounting reporting rules. Cross-sectional analyses indicate that the externalities are more pronounced in industries or firms that rely more on external financing and firms subject to higher financial constraints; disclosures of higher quality appear to promote innovation by ameliorating financing frictions. Overall, this study provides evidence of R&D disclosure as an industry-wide determinant of innovation, thereby contributing to literature on the real effects of peer disclosures.     

掠夺效应还是治理效应：产品市场竞争提升现金持有价值的机理检验

通过实证检验产品市场竞争对中国上市公司现金持有价值产生影响的不同作用机理,结果发现：产品市场竞争确实可以促进中国上市公司现金持有价值的提升,这种作用机理更多地来自产品市场竞争的掠夺效应而不是治理效应。进一步研究发现：掠夺效应和治理效应可以通过融资约束得到更好的区分,在融资约束公司中掠夺效应表现更为显著。揭示了中国上市公司产品市场竞争对公司现金持有价值的具体促进机制,并检验了融资约束在其中的影响。     

INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORTING PRACTICES: A FRENCH AND CANADIAN COMPARISON

This paper compares the research and development (R&D) disclosure practices in France and Canada, as evidenced in the annual reports of 76 French and 110 Canadian listed companies. It finds that Canadian high-tech companies (hardware, software, and biotechnology) disclose significantly more information on their R&D activities than their French counterparts. It also finds a strong link between R&D intensity and R&D disclosure among Canadian high-tech companies. Canadian companies overall are also found to be more likely to use non-financial disclosure as a means to resolve any R&D information asymmetry, while French firms disclose more traditional financial and accounting information. Canadian companies are also more willing than French firms to provide information concerning their future R&D expenditures. These results are consistent with inherent cultural and capital market differences between France and Canada. In contrast, the study does not find any significant difference in R&D expenditure capitalization policies between French and Canadian firms.     

Is investment–cashflow sensitivity a good measure of financial constraints?

Since Fazzari et al. (1988), investment–cashflow sensitivity has been one of the most important indicators for testing and measuring the external financial constraints of corporations. This study analyzes the effect of changes in the relative cost of internal and external financing on investment decisions in response to tax changes. China’s 2004 VAT reform decreased companies’ effective tax rates, leading to an increase in operating cashflow. This, in turn, reduced the internal cost of financing and the value of the tax shield and increased the cost of debt financing. This study shows that in the case of the VAT reform, investment–cashflow sensitivity increased significantly, whereas cash holdings–cashflow sensitivity and borrowing-slack sensitivity did not significantly change. We conclude that investment–cashflow sensitivity is not an effective measure of financial constraints under information asymmetry, but cash–cashflow sensitivity and borrowing-slack sensitivity may be useful alternatives.     

R&D and environmentally induced innovation: Does financial constraint play a facilitating role?

The improvement of sustainable economic growth is a necessity. One issue facing policymakers is facilitating green innovation. This paper constructs a model and explores the relationship between R&D expenditures and green patents, and investigates the impact of financial constraints on green innovation output. Based on the theoretical model assumptions and the data of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2019, this paper draws the following conclusions after the empirical tests: First, R&D expenditure is significant and drives green innovation as measured by green patents. Second, contrary to the positive relationship between R&D expenditure and green patents, financial constraints discourage green innovation. Third, financial constraints facilitate R&D investment efficiency, which results in enhancing the positive effect of R&D on green innovation.     

Government R&D spending,fiscal instruments and corporate technological innovation

Using panel data from 242 cities in China, we examine the impact of government research and development (R&D) spending on corporate technological innovation. We find that listed firms located in cities with higher government R&D expenditures are more innovative than firms in other cities. Further, the positive effect of government R&D spending depends on fiscal instruments and factor allocation. Through subsidies and tax incentives, government R&D spending enhances firm innovation by alleviating financing constraints, improving employee creativity and ensuring efficient operations. We demonstrate that subsidies are more effective than taxes in spurring corporate technological innovation. We also show that the impact of government R&D spending is stronger for state-owned and high-tech enterprises than for other enterprises. Overall, our findings suggest that government R&D spending can substantially improve corporate technological innovation through fiscal instruments.     

产品与技术双重竞争下企业创新投资决策的实证研究

基于当前市场竞争新特征与新形式,通过构建技术竞争指标,将市场竞争的视角由单一的产品层面拓展到产品、技术双重角度,探讨这两类竞争对我国企业R&D投资的影响。结果表明：产品竞争、技术竞争对企业R&D投资都有正向促进作用,且控制产品竞争后,技术竞争的作用依然显著。进一步研究发现：与一般企业相比,高科技企业中产品竞争对R&D投资的促进作用会减弱,但技术竞争对R&D投资的促进作用会加强。同时,面临融资约束的企业由于资金不足,产品竞争、技术竞争对R&D投资的促进作用均会减弱。     

CEO Overconfidence and Long‐Term Performance Following R&D Increases

We examine the relation between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) overconfidence and significant increases in research and development (R&D) expenditures. Although prior studies reveal a significantly positive market reaction to increases in R&D expenditures in both the long and short run, we find that long‐run stock performance is positive only for firms whose CEOs are not overconfident. Our findings, which may be attributable to overinvestment and the overestimation of future cash flows, imply that R&D resulting from overconfident behavior does not provide any value to firms.