畜禽养殖业的环境影响及经济分析

畜禽业污染是我国农业面源污染的主要来源。本文估算了我国畜禽养殖业污染物排放量,阐述了畜禽养殖的环境影响,分析了畜禽污染内在的经济原因,并提出了防治畜禽污染的经济政策和措施,包括发展循环畜牧业、建设现代化的畜禽业物流体系、采纳各种环境经济手段、界定农村公共资源产权、实施优质畜禽产品品牌化战略、鼓励发展环保产业。     

畜禽养殖业的环境影响及经济分析

畜禽业污染是我国农业面源污染的主要来源.本文估算了我国畜禽养殖业污染物排放量,阐述了畜禽养殖的环境影响,分析了畜禽污染内在的经济原因,并提出了防治畜禽污染的经济政策和措施,包括发展循环畜牧业、建设现代化的畜禽业物流体系、采纳各种环境经济手段、界定农村公共资源产权、实施优质畜禽产品品牌化战略、鼓励发展环保产业.     

经济社会发展与环境污染关系的库兹涅茨曲线分析

本文利用综合的经济发展指数、社会发展指数及环境污染指数研究了经济社会发展水平对环境污染的影响。研究发现,我国东部、东北、中部和西部及全国范围的经济发展与环境污染和社会发展与环境污染均呈"N型"曲线关系。同时也验证了"污染天堂"在我国的存在。因此,通过FDI促进技术革新,加快转变生产方式,促使企业由生产污染密集型产品向技术密集型产品转变,加大环保力度,以避免"N型"环境库兹涅茨曲线第二个拐点的出现。     

开征环境税：不仅仅为环境减压

我国环境税设立的目标应该是：建立起一个以可持续发展为方向,以促进人与自然和谐共存、共同发展为目的,以污染排放税、污染产品税、资源税和环境税收优惠政策等为内容,适应和促进我国生产力发展水平、符合社会主义市场经济要求的完备的环境税法律体系。     

农村面源污染市场防治机制问题及对策研究——以湖北梁子湖地区为例

随着我国经济的发展,面源污染尤其是农村面源污染已成为我国农村水环境污染的重要来源。农村面源污染问题在理论上存在公共产品理论、外部性理论和公地悲剧理论三个理论基础。实践中,我国农村面源污染存在市场防治法律规定不完善、市场防治机制手段单一、采取的现有市场防治机制无法满足民众需求等问题。为有效防治农村面源污染,保障农村环境的可持续发展,提出制定经济激励制度、综合采取多种农村面源污染市场防治手段、贯彻落实市场防治制度措施,以满足农户环保行为需求的创新性对策建议。     

源自环境法和税收制度的交叉结合开征环境税:不仅仅为环境减压

我国环境税设立的目标应该是:建立起一个以可持续发展为方向,以促进人与自然和谐共存、共同发展为目的,以污染排放税、污染产品税、资源税和环境税收优惠政策等为内容,适应和促进我国生产力发展水平、符合社会主义市场经济要求的完备的环境税法律体系。     

论渔业内源性污染的非点源性及其治理的环境经济政策

本文在对渔业内源性污染进行界定和渔业污染来源进行分析的基础上 ,讨论了其非点源特性 ,指出这种类型污染与传统点源污染不同 ,具有空间的异质性、污染者的大量性、污染者技术的差异性、污染的不可分割性、信息的不对称性、以及环境影响的随机性等特点 ,因此其治理必须采取与传统措施相异的政策 ,指出与环境责任制相结合的泡泡政策、产品费、责任规则制、以及抵押 -返还政策是目前我国可以考虑的治理渔业内源性污染的经济政策。     

我国环保产业面临的挑战和对策

一、环保产业及其对我国的意义 环保产业(也称“环境产业”)是指国民经济结构中为环境污染防治、生态保护与恢复、有效利用资源、满足人民环境需求,为社会、经济可持续发展提供产品和服务支持的产业。它不仅包括污染控制与减排、污染清理与废物处理等方面提供产品与技术服务,还包括清     

基于二元经济结构的城乡间污染转移问题研究

污染转移为被转移地两型农业建设埋下了"定时炸弹".学术界对污染物向农业和农村转移研究较少.本文在分析污染转移的研究现状的基础上,通过分析污染转移主体的有意识性、主客体的可转换性、完全消除的不可能性等特征,指出了污染转移的经济学本质以及当前我国污染转移破坏性严重的原因:环境的公共产品性;利益集团的存在;有组织的不负责任.提出治理污染物质向农业和农村转移的重要途径.     

我国有害化学品的污染现状及其防治对策研究

化学品的应用推动了我国农业和工业的高速发展,工农业基础得到进一步夯实,相关产品的数量与品质均有显著提升.然而,化学品存在的污染性质,尤其是有害化学品对环境的巨大破坏作用,造成了大气、土壤和水体的严重危害,并进一步引发人类健康的巨大危机.本文首先对有害化学品的实际危害进行简要分析,指出我国有害化学品的污染现状,并结合现状提出实现该污染的有效防治对策,以期为相关课题的研究提供有益参考.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。