Identifying the poor in the 1870s and 1880s1

Poverty lines devised throughout England and Wales in the 1870s and 1880s defined ‘the poor’, a new class not recognized by the poor law. This article provides an account of the poverty lines adopted, mainly by school boards, in about 40 different places; the context in which they were developed; and what has been retrieved of the reasons determining the adoption of specific poverty lines. In particular, it examines the principal controversies surrounding them, and the challenge they posed to the poor law; and, incidentally, compares them to the poverty lines proposed, many years later, by Booth and Rowntree.     

Japan＇s Bubble,the USA＇s Bubble and China＇s Bubble

This paper compares the three recent episodes of boom and bust cycles in asset prices: Japan in the late 1980s to the 1990s; the USA since the mid‐1990s; and China during the past decade. Although we have not yet seen a collapse of Chinese property prices, their increases so far are comparable to those in the other two episodes and a careful comparative study is warranted. The present paper first examines the behavior of asset prices, of property prices in particular, in the three cases, and highlights some similarities. The paper emphasizes the role played by extremely easy monetary policy in generating bubble‐like asset price behavior in the three cases. The reason for easy monetary policies is investigated. In the US case, the monetary authority was concerned about the risk of deflation in the early to mid‐2000s. The experiences of Japan and China are quite similar in that the monetary authorities of both countries were seriously concerned about the possible deflationary effects of exchange rate appreciation on the economy. The implications of such a finding for the future of Chinese macroeconomic policy are discussed.     

Mexico's development strategy for the 1980s

In examining the problems and prospects of the Mexican economy in the 1980s. the main concern of this paper is whether Mexico will use its new found wealth to correct some of the major deficiences of past policies or whether the development of the energy sector will further increase the dualism between the modern and traditional sectors. This paper surveys the major problems now facing the economy (poverty and unemployment, declining agricultural production, a weak industrial base, inflation) and then discusses the framework in which Mexico proposes to deal with these problems, in particular the priority allocated to development of oil and gas. The policies are then compared briefly with the experience of Japan and Iran. The conclusion takes a critical view of current Mexican policies and suggests that a more equity-oriented and efficient growth strategy is required.     

“再工业化”对我国制造业的影响

“再工业化”的时代特征是以先进制造业为代表重构实体经济.金融危机过后,为振兴经济,美国开始重视国内产业尤其是先进制造业的发展,推进“再工业化”战略重塑竞争优势.目前我国制造业整体特征是大而不强,因此树立以“资本换技术”的理念,抓住“再工业化”契机,以制造业,尤其是装备制造业为龙头,大力扩展海外技术并购,应是我国由制造大国向强国转变的不二选择.     

Business responses to crisis in Indonesia: the 1930s and the 1990s

This article looks at the responses of foreign business firms to crisis in a comparative historical perspective. The focus is on Indonesia in the 1930s and the late 1990s. The main approach is one of case studies in order to gain an insight into strategies of adjustment to deteriorating business conditions. For the late 1990s, such information is supplemented by macroeconomic evidence covering a wider range of firms. The article reaffirms a basic resilience of foreign direct investment in times of economic crisis even when there is an overall economic decline, as in Indonesia in the 1990s. The capacity of foreign firms in Indonesia to adjust successfully was considerable both in the 1930s and the late 1990s. Yet, prospects for a swift recovery are far better in the latter case than in the former period, reflecting the different nature of the two crises.     

婚恋90

时间进入上世纪90年代初期,那个时候"三转一响”已经过时了,.三黄一窝鸡(机)"成为年轻人新的追求.三黄是指金项链、金耳环、金戒指,一窝鸡(机)就是彩电、冰箱、洗衣机.电视机替代广播成为百姓了解国内、国际大事小情的工具,电冰箱使人们可以一个星期只去一次菜市场,洗衣机彻底解放人们的双手,再也不用自己出力了.     

供应商行为与零售商关系承诺间的实证研究

供应商快速反应能力是零售商选择供应商时考虑的最重要因素之一,直接关系到客户关系管理的改善。文章从供应商快速反应能力的角度对供应商行为与零售商关系承诺间的关系进行了实证研究,并发现三类供应商快速反应能力通过客户满意和信任间接影响零售商三类关系承诺,快速响应服务能力是零售商所考虑的最重要的供应商快速反应能力指标。     

Trends in the Male-Female Wage Gap: The 1980s Compared with the 1970s

Despite a more rapid increase in female work behavior in the 1970s than in the 1980s, the male-female wage gap in the 1970s narrowed one-eighth as quickly as in the 1980s. This paper uses 1972 through 1988 Panel Study of Income Dynamics data to explain why women's wages rose less quickly in the 1970s. It illustrates how new female labor market entrants in the 1970s brought down mean female wages, thereby driving down female wage growth. This decline played itself out in the 1980s as the relative growth in female labor market entrants diminished and as the proportion of women's potential work years actually worked increased.     

The competitive position of the finnish sawmill industry in the 1920s and 1930s

Abstract

The days of glory of the Finnish sawn timber exporters lasted from the beginning of the twentieth century to the early 1930s. During this period the sawmill industry was unquestionable the major industrial sector in the country, measured by the gross value of its output. In foreign trade, sawn timber accounted for about 40% of Finland's total exports. In some years nearly half of the total export revenue was earned by this sector alone. At the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, sawn timber accounted for only 7-8 % of exports and the sawmill industry had slipped far from the top, even measured by total output value.     

Railways and the Exploitation of Victoria's Forests, 1880s–1920s

Railways made a large contribution to the expansion of Victoria's economy, and in the process enabled and drove environmental change. This article focuses on one industry, forestry. It first examines railway demand for timber in construction and maintenance, particularly for sleepers. This demand caused tensions – a bitter dispute in the 1890s between the Railways Department and the Conservator of Forests, George Perrin, over timber cut on state land led to uneasy co-existence after the turn of the century. Railways not only required timber but also carried commercial quantities in bulk, providing forest industries with access to profitable markets – in particular firewood, the significance of which has been underappreciated previously. Forest products contributed substantially to railway revenue, representing a more stable source of income than other major categories of freight such as wheat, wool, and coal.     

对20世纪60-80年代苏联开发西伯利亚的评价

20世纪60年代至80年代苏联加速开发西伯利亚取得的成就令人瞩目,使该地区经济获得很大发展,整体实力有所提高,其开发的经验及教训对我国西部开发有一定的借鉴作用。     

英国战时金融政策与中国四十年代恶性通货膨胀的成因

现有文献表明，40年代中国爆发通货膨胀的直接原因是国民党政府在中日战争期间庞大财政预算赤字导致大量的货币发行。但本文笔者认为这只是问题的一方面，事实上，英国的1941年7月对中国金融政策的调整才是导致中国40年代恶性通货膨胀爆发的最重要原因之一。这说明了货币政策的改变对政治和战争有重要影响。     

组织中领导者价值观与员工信任关系的实证研究

文章以国内26家企业单位的领导者和员工为研究对象,对组织中领导者的价值观与员工信任之间的关系进行了实证研究。相关分析和回归分析表明：领导者自我超越的价值观与下属对领导者的信任之间存在显著的正相关关系;领导者自我增强的价值观与下属对领导者的信任之间存在显著的负相关关系;领导者保守与变革开放性的价值观与下属对领导者的信任没有显著的相关关系。     

普京新政与俄罗斯经济政策走向

第三次当选总统的普京将立足于新型工业化道路,通过产业政策主导经济发展,大型国有企业与金融机构仍将成为关键性力量,国家垄断资本主义政策仍将延续,国有制将长期存在于自然垄断、军事工业与原材料产业。同时,普京也将试图通过减少管制和私有化来降低风险。再工业化定位、消除财政赤字的压力、欧美债务危机的警示、中产阶级的快速崛起,决定了普京政府的民粹主义色彩将不得不有所淡化,政策重点将主要围绕培育人力资本与发展高科技产业而展开。经济政策能否推动创新发展与结构转型,取决于一系列条件,其中最为重要的,是政治制度能否顺利实现转型。     

20世纪80-90年代天水三线企业的调整改造

天水位于甘肃省东南部,是三线建设时期西北工业布局的主要基地。20世纪80年代初以来,由于国际、国内政治环境发生变化,以及三线建设自身的局限性,三线企业的发展一度陷入困境。从"六五"时期(1981—1985年)开始,随着三线建设步入调整改造阶段,天水对三线企业进行调整改造,按"关、停、并、转、迁"的原则和方针,对选址不当、布局过于分散、经营困难的三线企业进行全面调整改造。与此同时,三线企业也根据自身情况进行一系列调整,取得了显著的成效。