增长核算法的发展演变对劳动生产率的影响分析——从生产率增长率测算研究发展的角度

本文对两种常用的生产率——全要素生产率和劳动生产率的增长率研究的发展进行了评述。首先总结了全要素生产率核算的两种主要方法:增长核算法和前沿生产面法,并详细描述了确定前沿生产面的DEA法和前沿函数法的研究进展。然后总结了利用增长核算法和前沿生产面理论对劳动生产率分解的已有成果。     

环境敏感性生产率研究综述

本文旨在归类和评述环境敏感性生产率的前沿研究理论,沿着参数化/非参数化效率前沿这一主线,分别考察了超对数距离函数、二次型方向距离函数、随机前沿函数、数据包络分析、基于冗余的测度等不同的模型表述形式,并比较了不同模型之间的特点和适用环境。此外,根据对现有研究文献的归纳,对研究对象、理论假说、算法实现和研究结论四个方面进行了综合评述,并指出未来环境敏感性生产率研究领域需要关注和进一步发展的方向。     

前沿分析方法在中国经济增长核算中的适用性

本文利用1978～2004年的省级面板数据,对随机前沿分析和数据包络分析在中国全要素生产率核算中的适用性进行了比较。结果发现:(1)前者得到的全要素生产率指数高于后者,其中前沿技术进步率差异尤其显著;(2)数据包络分析结果显示个别地区全要素生产率增长异常迅速,大部分地区增长缓慢,而随机前沿分析结果的增长率分布相对平均;(3)多数随机前沿分析结果比较接近,具有较好的稳健性,而数据包络分析对指标选择和数据处理非常敏感,不同研究结果之间差异很大。比较而言,对于改革以来的中国经济增长,随机前沿分析可能是更为适用的生产率分析工具,其结论也更为可靠。     

我国物流业生产率实证研究

选用超越对数前沿生产函数模型,对我国物流业的全要素生产率进行实证分析,结果表明,9年中我国物流业全要素生产率增长了近1倍,全要素生产率的增长主要来自于技术进步的贡献.     

内生技术进步的生产率测算研究

论文主要分析和探讨了内生增长理论的两个主要模型，产品品种增加模型和产品质量升级模型在生产率测算中的应用，特别是分析了两个模型的生产函数和生产率测算公式。两种模型都揭示出经济中的研究与开发对全要素生产率的影响，并为政府有关R&D公共政策的制定提供了启示。论文还认为，在测算TFP增长率时，传统新古典增长理论与内生增长理论的测算方式可以互为补充。     

我国电信行业经济效率分析

20世纪90年代以来,我国电信行业经历了飞速的发展。尽管我国的电信业务量增长迅速,但在发展过程中还存在着许多无效率现象。本文采用对数形式的时变技术效率随机前沿生产函数模型,对我国电信行业的全要素生产率进行了分解与实证研究,并与37个两位数行业的总体情况进行了对比;接着分析了垄断与经济效率之间的关系,结果显示当电信行业垄断程度降低时,全要素生产率的增长速度放慢,前沿技术进步加快,资源配置效率加强,规模总报酬递减。     

基于SFA的我国中东部经济发展效率差异性的实证分析

以10个省1999—2008年的面板数据为基础,运用基于超越对数的随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了中东部经济发展的技术效率、技术进步和全要素生产率,研究发现:中部的技术效率和技术进步要低于东部,中部对资本和劳动力投入的依存度较大,但中部的效率变化值很大,导致全要素生产率大于东部,中东部经济发展差异存在着减小的趋势。     

贸易开放度、人力资本与全要素生产率:基于中国省际面板数据的经验分析

本文在新增长理论框架下,通过一个用贸易开放度和人力资本内生化全要素生产率的估计模型,分析了人力资本在生产函数中的作用及贸易开放度和人力资本积累水平对中国全要素生产率的影响。结果表明:人力资本积累有助于提高物质资本的利用率,人力资本积累水平的提高对全要素生产率的影响比对经济增长的影响更加直接,它主要通过影响全要素生产率而作用于经济增长。贸易开放度主要是通过影响人力资本的积累水平而影响全要素生产率,贸易开放度和人力资本对全要素生产率的影响在东中西部存在差异。     

江苏省县域经济TFP增长率的分解与估算：2000～2016

采用了超越对数生产函数的随机前沿模型测算了江苏省54县区市2000～2016年的全要素生产率增长率并对其结构要素进行分解。研究表明:用两步法探索随机前沿的模型参数,发现增加出口比重、第二产占比、城市化比率和财政支出比率等环节变量后,模型解释力有明显提升62%。出口比重和城市化率对生产效率提升具有明显正向促进作用,二产占比和财政支出占比与生产效率却呈负相关关系。技术进步贡献最大,TFP增长率的变化主要源自于技术进步的推动,对TFP增长率的平均贡献在82%以上,总体上带动TFP呈现缓慢上升趋势。     

基于环境修正的中韩制造业全要素生产率比较研究

文章利用中国和韩国制造业行业的投入产出数据,基于扩展生产函数和面板数据模型方法研究了各制造业行业的传统全要素生产率和环境全要素生产率。文章的研究发现:2001~2011年我国制造业行业全要素生产率整体平均增长速度较快,全要素生产率逐渐成为工业经济增长的主要来源,但我国全要素生产率对产出增长的贡献落后于韩国。比较传统全要素生产率和环境全要素生产率可以发现:中国所有行业在平均意义上前者大于后者,而韩国则平均前者小于后者。     

Optimal Structure of Technology Adoption and Creation: Basic versus Development Research in Relation to the Distance from the Technological Frontier*

Many economists maintain that in order to advance economic growth Asian countries should focus more on basic research than on technology adoption, and more on the supply of skilled workers than the supply of unskilled workers. In this context, this paper presents a theoretical model and empirical evidence to explain the observation that a country in which the level of technology approaches the technology frontier tends to rely more on technology creation than adoption, and invest more in basic research than in development. The model shows that technology creation involves both basic and development research processes, whereas technology adoption uses only the latter process. Therefore, R&D investment in our model involves three different processes: basic research in technology creation, development in technology creation, and development in technology adoption. The results suggest first that the rate of growth is positively correlated with the level of basic research activities in the technology creation sector, if a country's technology gap with the technology frontier is small enough. Second, an increase in the efficiency of the education system for highly skilled workers raises the level of basic research and the rate of growth. Third, verifying these theoretical results, empirical analyses using panel data from Korea, Japan and Taipei, China show that the narrower the distance to the technological frontier, the higher the growth effect of basic R&D, which indicates that the share of basic R&D matters for economic growth. Finally, the results also show that the quality of tertiary education has a significantly positive effect on the productivity of R&D.     

An empirical analysis of Sri Lanka's Manufacturing Productivity slow-down

This paper analyses empirically the changes in Sri Lanka's manufacturing productivity during a period of regime shift from import substituting industrialisation to export-oriented industrialisation. We have used a varying coefficients stochastic production frontier model on a balanced panel data set to shed light on the effects of trade liberalisation on Total Factor Productivity which incorporates both changes in Technical Efficiency and Technical Progress. The results of the empirical validation of the stochastic production frontier model reveal that there were two distinct phases of output and productivity growth under each of the two trade liberalisation episodes that occurred during 1978–88 and 1988–97, respectively. The analysis carried out in this paper decomposing Total Factor Productivity into Technical Progress and Technical Efficiency also reveals that during early years of each episode, perspiration or factor inputs was the driving force of increased output growth giving way to ‘inspiration’ or technical progress as each phase matured. The stochastic production frontier empirics reported in this paper together with negative feedback effects emanating from the political turmoil and the prolonged ethnic conflict virtually brought the growth of foreign direct investment to a grinding halt in late 1980s, when the election of new right-wing government appears to have given a shot in the arm to overcome the paralysis of technical progress that seem to have contributed to the productivity slow-down in Sri Lanka's manufacturing sector in the eve of the new millennium.     

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF COCOA FARMERS IN WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES

This paper uses survey data to examine the technical efficiency and productivity potential of cocoa farmers in West and Central Africa. Separate stochastic frontier models are estimated for farmers in Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire, along with a stochastic metaproduction frontier to obtain alternative estimates for the technical efficiencies of farmers in the different countries. The mean productivity potential of cocoa farmers is also estimated, by using a decomposition result applied to both the national and the metaproduction frontiers. The determinants of technical efficiency are assessed to identify the reasons for differences across countries.     

跨国公司在华R&D投资的溢出效应研究——基于随机前沿分析方法(SFA)的检验

跨国公司R&D投资能否帮助中国内资部门提升产出的技术效率,是一个具有重要学术和政策研究价值的命题。本文利用1998～2006年中国30个省区的面板数据,重点考察跨国公司R&D投资对中国省区的溢出效应及其区域差异。基于SFA方法的检验结果显示:跨国公司R&D投资对中国省区技术效率提升有着显著的溢出效应;跨国公司R&D投资的溢出效应明显呈现出地区差异性的特点;竞争效应是导致跨国公司在华R&D投资技术溢出的主要渠道,而示范模仿渠道的溢出效应相对有限,其关键原因在于本地相对滞后的技术吸收能力制约了跨国公司R&D投资溢出效应的发挥。     

THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN CHINA'S TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: A CROSS‐PROVINCE ANALYSIS

This paper studies the role of human capital in China's provincial total factor productivity (TFP) growth over 1985–2004. The stochastic frontier approach is employed to measure the productivity growth of Chinese provinces. Human capital is measured both qualitatively and quantitatively. In particular, enrolment rates at various levels of schooling are used to represent human capital composition. After controlling for endogeneity, we find that human capital has significant and positive effects on the TFP growth of Chinese provinces. However, when education quality is incorporated, productivity growth appears to be significantly enhanced by quality improvements in primary education only. Regional impacts of human capital are found to differ at various levels of schooling. In the eastern region of China, productivity growth is significantly associated with secondary education. TFP growth in the central region is mainly promoted by primary and university education. Yet in the western region, primary education plays the most prominent role.     

要素禀赋、制度约束与中国省区出口潜力——基于异质性随机前沿出口模型的估计

本文将影响中国出口的因素分为要素投入和内在约束两个部分。首先构建异质性随机前沿出口模型,然后利用该模型估计了要素投入对于中国出口的影响程度,以及各种制度因素对于出口约束和出口稳定性的作用,并进而估计了出口效率。结果表明：首先,政府支出、基础设施建设、国际直接投资和改革进程的推动都有利于缓解当前的出口内在约束。而后两者则倾向于增加出口的不稳定性;其次,省区之间的出口推动模式存在很大差异,东西部地区的投资推动作用显著,而中部地区的投资对于该地区的出口作用强度稍弱,由此也说明中部地区存在较大的出口潜力。     

Understanding openness and productivity growth in China: An empirical study of the Chinese provinces

This paper investigates the effects of openness on China's regional productivity growth. We build a model of technology diffusion in which follower economies achieve productivity growth by taking advantage of technology spillovers from the world technology frontier. We hypothesize that China's regional productivity growth is a positive function of regional openness and a negative function of the current level of regional productivity. Empirical analysis in this paper focuses on how openness affects productivity growth in the Chinese provinces. We examine two effects of openness on regional productivity growth in China: the direct growth effect and the convergence effect. By using a variety of panel data regression techniques, we show that the direct growth effect of openness is the main effect while the convergence effect is insignificant. The findings of this paper lend strong support to the claim that the opening-up of China promotes the country's economic growth.     

基于随机前沿分析法的中国沿海区域经济效率评价

中国经济发展速度举世瞩目,而发展效率一直为人们所诟病.文章以东南沿海四省一市为研究样本,运用随机前沿分析法对经济效率及其影响因素进行实证分析.研究结果表明,广东省的技术效率在绝大多数年份都高于沿海其他省市,直至2008年金融危机,长三角的平均技术效率值呈上升趋势并超过广东.文章认为这主要源于第三产业自身技术效率递减以及FDI是一种次优的制度安排,对本土企业具有挤出效应.     

Productivity Growth in Different Plant‐size Groups in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector*

In the present study, we develop a stochastic frontier production model that allows for different groups of firms to have different patterns of technical efficiency over time. We apply our model to the Malaysian manufacturing sector to decompose total factor productivity growth into technical efficiency change and technical progress for different plant size groups (e.g. large and small) in seven industries during 2000–2004. Our empirical results indicate that technical efficiency has worsened across all industries and plant‐size groups. In contrast, we find evidence of substantial technical progress in all industries. In fact, technical progress has been larger than technical efficiency deterioration in most industries and plant‐size groups, leading to total factor productivity growth. Our analysis identifies the industries and plant‐size groups that lag the most in terms of productivity, and thus have the greatest scope for policies that facilitate productivity growth.