国际产业政策:产业政策研究的新领域

国际产业政策是顺应经济全球化时代由传统国别产业政策转型而来的一种新产业政策.本文从国际产业政策概念、国际产业政策形成的必然性和合理性、政策目标及主要内容、政策实施方式和手段等角度,综述了国际产业政策的理论研究及其研究中存在的不足.本文指出,加强国际产业政策的研究,对于正处在力争跨越式发展和追赶阶段的我国产业和企业参与全球竞争具有十分重要的战略意义.     

WTO框架下的产业政策:规则约束和政策优化——基于对“301报告”及《中国制造2025》的分析

中美贸易战的一个重要议题就是美国对中国制造2025计划以及与之类似的产业政策提出质疑,认为这类产业计划扭曲了市场竞争,体现了中国非市场经济的属性以及政府对市场竞争的干预和资源配置的主导地位。由于政府通过各种方式推行和落实产业政策,中国制造2025计划以及其他类似的产业政策会形成产能过剩,进而扭曲国际市场的供需关系,损害美国企业的竞争优势和美国的产业优势。产业政策并非中国独有。世界贸易组织规则下中国产业政策具有一定的合理性和非合理性,中国制造2025计划和其他产业政策需要根据世界贸易组织基本原则进行政策优化,以期实现规则约束。     

From Industrial to Innovation Policy

Industrial policy has been a cornerstone of economic policy in Europe after the world war and the transformation of basic industries like coal and steel were key issues at the beginning of European integration. In the 1970s and 1990s industrial policy shifted toward support of high-tech industries. In the seventies the importance of a more systemic view came up, policy had to address the specific weaknesses of the innovation system. The Lisbon agenda finally combines competitiveness with social and environmental goals. Industry plays an important role in generating welfare and industrial policy is in different forms and sorts back, high on the agenda.     

Globalisation and Industrial Policy: The Case of China

After a quarter of a century of industrial policy, China's objective of nurturing a group of globally competitive state‐owned enterprises appears to have succeeded beyond most expectations. However, China's SOEs are far from catching up with the world's leading firms. Protection through state ownership in a massive, fast‐growing economy has permitted China's SOEs to earn large profits and achieve high market capitalisations, but this is not the same thing as building globally competitive firms. The fact that China's industrial policy has been unsuccessful after a quarter of a century of intense effort demonstrates how difficult it is to construct an industrial policy in the era of capitalist globalisation, which has produced intense global industrial concentration across large parts of the global value chain. Although the detailed content of the next stage of reform of China's large state‐owned enterprises is unclear, China's determination to build a group of globally competitive large companies remains undimmed.     

Industrial Policy: Past, Diversity, Future; Introduction to the Special Issue on the Future of Industrial Policy

Industrial policy is one of the most controversial policy fields. Its scope, instruments and rational vary across countries, changing over time; intentions and outcomes often differ. This volume brings together reports on countries, highlighting specific problems and concepts. Most papers explicitly state that there has recently been renewed interest in industrial policy, be it the new “matrix” approach in the EU, or other strategies in Japan, the US and France. Problems and solutions differ between frontier countries like Finland and the catching-up economies of the new EU member countries, or the policy strategies in developing countries designed to foster economic growth or complement globalisation. The upcoming new approach to industrial policy all hints at a more systemic industrial policy, forward looking and emphasizing the synergies with other policy areas, but also fine-tuning to specific needs, comparative advantages and future technologies.     

Industrial Policy in the United States

Does US government policy purposefully benefit particular industries or is industrial policy absent in the USA? Based on a review of recent US policies this paper argues that the USA applies many policies with an industry-specific impact. But these policies do not differ significantly from those in other countries and the process in which US industrial policies emerge severely limits their consistency. What differentiates the USA is a microeconomic business environment that enables a high degree of regional specialization, benefits especially knowledge-driven industries, and raises the impact of innovation and entrepreneurship policies.     

The Paradigm of Knowledge-Oriented Industrial Policy

The paper attempts to synthesize some of the outcomes of the evolution of thinking on industrial policy in the knowledge-based economy and the related advances in policy practice. The term “knowledge-oriented industrial policy” is used in the paper to denote a new brand of public sector interventions targeting various structural aspects of the economy through transmission channels and mechanisms that hinge on the driving forces of knowledge flows and stocks and incorporating a systemic understanding of the policy rationale. The paper outlines the theoretical background, the rationale and the operational framework as well as the design of knowledge-oriented industrial policy whose nature is highlighted by drawing attention to the distinctions between “traditional” and “knowledge-oriented” approaches and instruments. A simplified taxonomy of different categories of knowledge-oriented policy instruments is also presented in the paper. The specific features and effectiveness of these policy instruments are discussed by highlighting their knowledge functions, the policy transmission channels as well as other important characteristics.     

产业融合对产业组织政策的影响

产业组织理论认为,属于同一产业的企业之间存在竞争关系.但近20多年的实践表明,世界上主要经济发达国家出现了产业融合现象,产业之间的传统边界日趋模糊,这种现象对产业组织理论与产业组织政策提出了新的课题.传统产业组织政策是以产业边界既定为基本假设前提的,产业融合现象改变这一假设前提,对产业组织政策产生巨大的影响.本文在分析产业融合涵义的基础上,探讨产业融合对产业组织政策的影响.     

痛苦抑或安详:中国老年人临终状态及其影响因素的实证探究

死亡是生命自然的归宿.随着中国老龄化程度的不断加深,提高老年人的死亡质量将成为今后社会中一大现实议题.基于“中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查(CLHLS)”数据的分析的结果表明,城乡、不同社会经济地位老年人的临终痛苦程度有显著差异.病理症状不是影响老年人临终感受的唯一因素,临终照料、社会支持以及社会环境等因素都会显著影响老年人的临终感受与痛苦程度.临终照料的可及性、可负担性与专业性越高,老年人临终的痛苦程度越低.当前中国临终医护资源的稀缺与分布的不均是导致老年人死亡质量低下的主要原因.     

工业化进程与商业产业政策分析

工业化过程的启动必须以一定的剩余农产品率作为历史前提。商业对农业发展具有推动作用。重工业优先发展导致工农经济结构矛盾,而矛盾的解决需要发挥商业作用。商业产业政策目标就是扩大工农业间的市场交易,化解经济结构矛盾。具体表现在:实现从传统批发商到新兴批发商的转变,实现零售商业经营方式的变革,积极发展物流中心和促进物流合理化,积极参与国际经济协调,为商品国际流通创造良好的宏观环境。     

Industrial Policy to Develop a Multi-Firm Industry

Governments face pressure to act when coordination and learning externalities block development of otherwise-profitable industries that would produce merit goods for the domestic market. A short-term subsidy that offsets these externalities could potentially jump-start a multi-firm industry, if the subsidy induces a pioneer firm to enter and then the pioneer’s first-period output generates coordination and learning externalities. These externalities could induce subsequent entry by input suppliers and/or competitors. However, empirical evidence raises questions about the ability of governments to use short-term subsidies to jump-start new industries. We explore one explanation for the difficulty of jump-starting new industries: the subsidy could generate counter-productive incentives for the pioneer firm to prevent entry of additional firms. We model the jump-start strategy and examine whether coupling a short-term fixed subsidy with a per-unit subsidy can achieve the objective of creating a multi-firm industry.     

Economic and Industrial Policy Transformations in Finland

Finland represents a good example of how knowledge can become the driving force in economic transformation. Finland tops various competitiveness rankings and has been listed number one in the OECD’s PISA studies on young people’s learning skills and educational attainment. This paper discusses the role that industrial policy has played in these developments, looking explicitly on recent shifts in policy thinking and implementation. We focus on the emergence of new industrial policies in the early 1990s, the main policy initiatives and measures, and present their broader organizational landscape. We conclude with an assessment of these policies and the future challenges.     

Brazil Looks to China for Industrial Policy

When Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff begins her first visit to China today for a summit of leaders from the BRICs club of fast-growing emerging markets,she will be interested in more than just diplomacy. While she will raise Brazil's gripes with Beijing,such as China's allegedly undervalued currency and greater reciprocity for Brazilian manufactured exports,Ms Rousseffwill be keen to witness first-hand the Asian economic powerhouse's successful experiment in statist industrial policy,an approach her go...     

Rationales for Industrial Policy Based on Industry Maturity

This paper proposes a framework for thinking about industrial policy based on the maturity of a given industry in a country contrasted to the maturity of the industry in a global sense. Existing models for industrial policy tend to be based on the issues faced by emerging economies. By providing a coherent framework for rationales for industrial policy that spans both developed and developing economies, we can assess various industries and discuss the merits of providing support on a comparable basis. The paper provides examples of using the framework to discuss how it can be used and how it could be developed as a strategic tool for policy makers in leading economies.     

发展中国家的竞争政策与产业竞争力培养

一般而言.竞争政策是一国产业竞争力的制度基础,但发展中国家产业发展的基础和国际竞争环境使发展中国家政府注重运用选择性干预作为产业竞争力培养的手段,这种选择性干预与竞争政策存在矛盾和冲突.导致了发展中国家竞争政策与竞争法价值与目标的多元化,造成了竞争机构效率低下及竞争法司法裁决的不确定性.发展中国家的竞争机构应当坚持将维护和促进竞争作为竞争政策的价值,将经济效率作为竞争政策的目标.同时通过设定特殊豁免为政府的选择性干预预留空间,并降低这种选择性干预的随意性,从而使竞争政策在产业竞争力培养过程中发挥应有的积极作用.     

Economic Theory and Industrial Policy in East Asia

Economic liberalisation has been advocated as universally valid for developed and developing countries alike, and, as a result, the role of the state has been disparaged in favour of unrestricted markets and free trade. The neo-classical proposition is by no means fully justified from a theoretical point of view, and there exist powerful, countervailing arguments why government intervention and market coordination, especially during a nation's initial stage of industrialisation, can achieve improved resource allocation and greater competitive advantage. By helping to explain the very creation of industrial capacity, as well as the enhancement of long-term growth rates, institutional economics can provide clearer insights into the complementary roles of state and market. These theories are, moreover, supported by empirical evidence from East Asia, where government has been a contributory but not dominant factor in the achievement of economic success.