传统的先动优势和后动优势理论的缺失分析

文章根据对VCD产业的先动企业万燕和后动企业爱多的案例分析,可以得出结论,传统的先动优势和后动优势研究缺乏系统性,也不能很好地解释同一个行业中不同企业在进入时机和竞争优势上的差异。这就为进一步研究最佳进入时机提供了一个理论框架,也使管理实践者可以更加科学的、更加精确的制定产业进入战略。     

战略性新兴产业中的企业进入、时机与绩效——基于180家上市公司的实证分析

随着我国战略性新兴产业发展的不断深入,大量企业蓄势待发或已经进入这一极具发展潜力的领域,而如何有效地选择进入时机成为企业需要面临的重要战略决策.本文利用2001-2009年战略性新兴产业概念板块的180家企业数据,探寻企业进入战略性新兴产业的行为,并分析企业进入时机与企业绩效间的相互关系.结果显示,企业的进入时机对企业的资产管理能力绩效指标和盈利能力指标具有正向影响,对经营发展能力绩效指标具有负向影响,并且企业的进入时机与产权结构和企业规模对企业的绩效水平提高有正向的交互效应,这一系列结论可以为下一阶段企业正确地选择时机进入战略性新兴产业提供有益的参考.     

产业首创者进入时机的选择机制研究

文章通过建立一个两企业博弈模型,分析了产业首创企业进入时机的选择机制。分析得出的主要结论是:(1)当后动优势占优时,企业进入时机的选择并不必然依赖于企业自身资源,产业首创者反而更可能是企业自身资源相对较弱者;(2)虽然产业发展潜力及预期利润对产业首创者的进入具有正向促进作用,但是该促进作用随后动优势的增加而减小。文章利用1998-2007年中国工业企业数据,对结论(1)进行了实证检验,并支持该结论。最后文章提出了产业产生时机的概念,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

西方市场进入理论研究述评及其政策启示

市场进入理论是西方产业组织理论的重要组成部分,其发展过程中逐渐形成了基于进入纠错的市场进入理论和基于进入替代的市场进入理论两大流派。基于进入纠错的市场进入理论认为市场进入是由于产业超额利润引起的,市场进入使产业利润率降低和使产业从非均衡状态回归到均衡状态;而基于进入替代的市场进入理论认为市场进入并不主要由产业利润引起,进入过程是异质企业的替代过程,是产业创新和动态演化过程。我国学者对市场进入问题的研究主要以进入纠错的市场进入理论为基础,导致对转型过程中市场进入问题的分析存在严重的误区。     

跨国公司进入模式的结构决定:基于影响因素的一般框架

跨国公司的市场进入模式是近几十年来直接投资理论最为重要的领域之一。进入模式的基本问题主要有三个:所有权安排、产品策略和投资方式。文章以影响进入模式选择的三大因素(产业因素、企业因素和区位因素)为基础,构建了一个分析跨国公司市场进入决策的一般框架,探讨了进入模式的结构决定。     

服务型企业国际市场进入模式及其影响因素探析

服务型企业国际市场进入模式选择是企业国际化战略的核心组成部分。服务型企业经营的内部环境因素和外部环境因素对企业选择国际市场进入模式有很大影响。通过企业国际市场进入模式决策的理论分析模型，我国服务型企业开拓国际市场要考虑诸多影响因素，同时要采取有针对性的有效策略和灵活的进入模式。     

基于进入权理论的员工创业选择

从进入权的角度分析了员工创业决策的内在机理;从进入权激励专用性投资缺陷的角度研究了员工的创业选择。企业所有者可以通过所有权的合理配置及其它措施来减少员工的创业选择。     

风险投资进入时机、外部环境与企业创新投入

在我国经济进入高质量发展阶段，探究在不同外部环境下风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响具有重要意义。以2010—2019年沪深两市首次公开上市的A股公司为样本，运用异方差稳健OLS模型和Logit模型，研究风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响，并进一步探讨我国不同外部环境的调节效应，结果发现：①VC早期进入能够显著促进被投企业创新能力提升，表现为企业研发投入强度显著提升；②企业所在地区市场化程度越高，风险投资进入时机越早，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力；③企业所在行业竞争水平越高，风险投资进入时机越晚，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力。     

服务企业的国际市场进入模式

随着越来越多的服务企业进入国际市场，服务企业国际化将成为未来管理研究的焦点，服务企业如何选择进入模式也将成为企业决策的重要组成部分。本文从服务企业国际化的根本动机出发，分析了现有国际市场进入模式决策模型的优点及存在的问题，结合服务企业实际提出了新的进入模式决策模型，并分析了决策过程中应注意的问题。     

国际化风险与中国企业海外进入模式研究

进入模式选择是一个带有风险的决策,特别是对于刚刚走出国门的中国跨国公司来说尤其如此。本文以2000-2010年830家中国跨国公司为样本,分析了国际化风险对中国跨国公司海外进入模式的影响。研究结果表明,当企业面临较高的外部风险（东道国风险、文化差异风险）、内部风险（研发风险、资源风险、一体化风险和时间风险）时,企业采取合资进入模式的可能性越大;相反,企业采取独资进入模式的可能性越大。在上述发现的基础上,笔者提出了相应的结论和建议。     

Preemptive entry in differentiated product markets

Summary. Models of spatial competition are typically static, and exhibit multiple free-entry equilibria. Incumbent firms can earn rents in equilibrium because any potential entrant expects a significantly lower market share (since it must fit into a niche between incumbent firms) along with fiercer price competition. Previous research has usually concentrated on the zero-profit equilibrium, at which there is normally excessive entry, and so an entry tax would improve the allocation of resources. At the other extreme, the equilibrium with the greatest rent per firm normally entails insufficient entry, so an entry subsidy should be prescribed. A model of sequential firm entry (with an exogenous order of moves) resolves the multiplicity problem but raises a new difficulty: firms that enter earlier can expect higher spatial rents, and so firms prefer to be earlier in the entry order. This tension disappears when firms can compete for entry positions. We therefore suppose that firms can commit capital early to the market in order to lay claim to a particular location. This temporal competition dissipates spatial rents in equilibrium and justifies the sequential move structure. However, the policy implications are quite different once time is introduced. An atemporal analysis of the sequential entry process would prescribe an entry subsidy, but once proper account is taken of the entry dynamics, a tax may be preferable. Received: April 26, 1999; revised version: September 22, 1999     

Entry,market turbulence and industry employment growth

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial dynamics in terms of firm entry, market turbulence and employment growth. Do entry of firms, the composition of industry dynamics (net entry) and market turbulence (entry and exit) influence industrial employment growth? This paper provides an empirical investigation, using unique data for 42 disaggregated Swedish industrial sectors during the period 1997–2001. It is hypothesised that the importance of entering firms, net entry and market turbulence may differ significantly across industries. A quantile regression method is used in order to detect industrial differences in the response to industrial employment growth. The empirical evidence shows that, on the one hand, firm entry and market turbulence have a positive effect on employment for fast growing industries and that the effect is larger for high growth industries. On the other hand, the composition of industry dynamics in terms of net entry rates has a more dispersed effect across all industries, even though the effect of net entry is larger for high growth industries.     

On the measurement of entry rates

The purpose of this paper is to explicitly examine the impact that two distinct methods used to measure entry have on identifying the determinants of entry. The two approaches can be termed as the ecological approach and the labor market approach. Based on new business startups in 75 regional markets in West Germany, we find that the two different methods for measuring entry yield disparate results. Most strikingly, we find that the ecological approach yields a positive relationship between unemployment and startup activity, while the labor market approach points to a negative impact of unemployment on the startup of new firms. By decomposing these two measures we offer a reconciliation of what appears to be a measurement contradiction.     

The political economy of entry barriers

We study a political economy model of entry barriers. Each period the policymaker determines whether to impose a high barrier to entry, and the special interest groups try to influence the policymaker's decision. Entry is accompanied by creative destruction—when many new firms enter, old firms are more likely to be driven out of the market. Therefore the current incumbents (industry leaders) tend to lobby for a higher entry barrier and potential entrants (industry followers) are likely to lobby for a freer environment for entry. We analyze both static and dynamic versions of the model to examine what kind of environment supports a policy that blocks entry. In the dynamic model, the economy can exhibit various different dynamics. In particular, multiple steady states may arise in equilibrium.     

GRADUAL NETWORK EXPANSION AND UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATIONS

ABSTRACT 1 : Universal service obligations are usually not competitively neutral as they modify the way firms compete in the market. In this paper, we consider a continuum of local markets in a dynamic setting with a stochastically growing demand. The incumbent must serve all markets (ubiquity) possibly at a uniform price and an entrant decides on its market coverage before firms compete in prices. Connecting a market involves a sunk cost. We show that the imposition of a uniform price constraint modifies the timing of entry: for low connection cost markets, entry occurs earlier while for high connection cost markets, entry occurs later.     

知识默会性对服务企业国际化进入模式及演化的影响

进入模式是一种组织和执行国际商务活动的制度安排.相对有形产品来说,服务更具有知识的特性,服务企业的国际化具有更明显的知识转移特征,知识的默会性对服务企业的进入模式选择产生了不可忽略的影响.从知识基础观出发,研究知识默会性对服务企业国际化进入模式的选择及其演化的影响,具有重要学术价值.     

论创业型雇员的进入行为与竞争政策

本文试图把市场进入问题的研究从产品市场延伸到劳动力市场,分析了存在雇员经理人进入威胁情况下企业雇佣行为的变化及其特点。雇员所面临的进入壁垒的降低可能会引致企业不雇佣或者少雇佣创业型人才,或者雇佣低水平的经理人,因而传统理论中降低进入壁垒会实现福利增进的结论,在本文所给定的理论框架中未必能够成立。由此,市场进入对于竞争政策的正确含义,应该在区分本企业的雇员进入和现有企业之外的竞争者进入这两种情况下得出。     

On competition and endogenous firm efficiency

Summary. Conventional wisdom holds that product market competition disciplines firms into efficiency of operation. However, in a well known paper, Martin (1993) has shown that in a linear Cournot setting (with costs determined first and product market competition taking place in a second stage) the exact opposite obtains – a larger number of firms competing in the market implies lower firm efficiency. The note clarifies further the links between market structure and efficiency. Specifically, it argues why (and how) the result derived by Martin (1993) depends upon the assumptions made regarding the structure of demand and nature of conjectures held by firms as to their rivals' behavior. An illustrative counter-example (with Bertrand behavior and non-linear demand) in which entry increases efficiency is provided as well. Received: March 2, 2000; revised version: September 19, 2000