政府补贴的技术创新激励效应——来自农业上市公司的证据

本文以2007—2016年沪深A股农业类上市公司为样本,研究政府补贴对企业未来技术创新的影响。本文将政府补贴方式分为事前补贴和事后补贴两大类。实证结果表明:第一,事前补贴不利于农业类上市公司未来技术创新。事前补贴挤出了未来创新投入,也无法提高企业未来的创新产出和创新效率。第二,事后补贴有利于农业类上市公司未来技术创新。事后补贴虽然不能显著提高企业未来的创新投入,却显著提升了企业未来的创新产出和创新效率。第三,机构投资者对二者关系起着显著的调节作用,机构投资者削弱了事前补贴对技术创新的负向影响,同时增强了事后补贴对技术创新的正向影响。总之,本文发现通过事后补贴政策激励农业类上市公司技术创新的效果优于事前补贴政策,值得相关部门采纳。     

Agricultural Export Subsidies as a Tool of Trade Strategy: Before and After the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996

If the main justification for agricultural export subsidies is that they reduce government costs of deficiency payments, then the 1996 farm legislation would make U.S. export subsidies largely unnecessary. An additional argument advanced in favor of export subsidies is that their aggressive use by one country will cause competing countries to reduce or discontinue their own subsidies. This argument is explored by means of a Nash equilibrium in which countries choose both a base subsidy level and a response to competitors, and by a consistent conjectures equilibrium. Little support is found for the argument.     

Output Price Subsidies in a Stochastic World

This article studies the comparative statics of output subsidies for firms, with monotonic preferences over costs and returns, that face price and production uncertainty. The modeling of deficiency payments, support-price schemes, and stochastic supply shifts in a state-space framework is discussed. It is shown how these notions can be used, via a simple application of Shephard's lemma, to analyze input-demand shifts once comparative-static results for supply are available. A range of comparative-static results for supply are then developed and discussed.     

Welfare Impacts of Alternative Public Policies for Agricultural Pollution Control in an Open Economy: A General Equilibrium Framework

A general equilibrium approach is used to evaluate the welfare impacts of alternative policies for reducing agricultural pollution in an open economy with preexisting distortions caused by income taxes and agricultural subsidies. The policies examined here include the removal of distortionary agricultural subsidies. We find that even though these distortions are small compared to others in the economy, removing them and imposing nitrogen reduction subsidies and/or output taxes can enhance welfare and reduce nitrogen pollution; thereby leading to a substantial double dividend. The relative efficiency of the alternative policies examined here depends on the level of the nitrogen reduction target.     

The Varying Impacts of Agricultural Support Programs on U.S. Farm Household Consumption

Farm households are economic agents whose income is derived from farm, off-farm, and government sources. This article uses farm-level data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and recent advances in the econometric theory of dynamic pseudo-panels to show that farm households consume various sources of income differently at the margin. Particular attention is given to a specific type of lump-sum government transfer payment intended to be decoupled from (independent of) farm production decisions. The results suggest that relatively decoupled government subsidies have a greater marginal effect on farm household consumption than subsidies that are tied to market conditions.     

Least-cost cheap-food policies: some implications of international food aid

Many low-income countries pursue cheap-food policies in which consumers pay subsidized prices for bread, rice and other staples. This paper addresses the issue of why different governments select different food subsidy policies, using multiple instruments rather than a simple across-the-board subsidy to provide consumers with access to cheap food. It examines the optimal structure of cheap-food policies in the context of a partial equilibrium model in which the country may he large in trade, and is able to combine import subsidies or tariffs, and output taxes or subsidies, to transfer income to consumers through the market. The model allows for a marginal opportunity cost of government revenues greater than one dollar. In addition, in the model, food aid from overseas may be either given away to the consumer, or given to the government for subsequent sale in the domestic market. The results indicate that only by happenstance will a country choose to use a pure consumption subsidy or a pure import subsidy to transfer income to consumers. In addition, an increase in international food aid does not necessarily lead the government to reduce producer and consumer prices for a commodity.     

渔业补贴评估方法探析

近年来,渔业补贴问题一直是国际论坛争议的焦点之一。各相关国际组织、相关学者以及主要渔业国对渔业补贴都做了不同领域的研究。其中,就渔业补贴的评估,一些国际组织也提出了不同的定量分析方法。本文探讨了经济合作发展组织以及世界粮农组织提出的两种渔业补贴评估法,以便我国在定量分析考察渔业补贴效果时加以参考。     

面向可持续的渔业补贴:共同渔业政策进入新一轮改革

本文为德国不来梅大学欧洲环境法规研究中心Till Markus发表在Marine Policy 2010年第34卷1117-1124页文章的中译文。2009年4月22日,欧洲委员会发布了"共同渔业政策改革绿皮书",指出该政策的一个矛盾,一方面对渔业领域的公共财政资助是重要的,另一方面这些资助常常与其他共同渔业政策(Common Fishery Policy,CFP)目标,特别是减少生产能力过剩的目标相冲突。文章提供了一种更好理解补贴影响的分析框架,以及对CFP下的基金计划总体评述,旨在解答欧洲委员会在绿皮书中提出的一些问题。问题的解答基于2种观点:海洋捕捞资源的开发最终依赖于可获得的鱼类种群水平,大量的补贴通过刺激投资动机使鱼类资源压力增大。忽视这种趋势的政策导致了无效和不可持续的捕捞以及公共基金的不公分配。虽然近年来CFP下的援助计划有所改观,但仍存在一些问题。未来对渔业的资助必需朝着可持续和有效利用的方向改革。文章对于了解欧盟的渔业补贴政策、增强渔业补贴经济学评价以及促进我国"强渔惠渔"政策的制定与实施等具有一定的参考意义。     

Fertilizer subsidies and food self‐sufficiency in Indonesia

Indonesia is a net importer of almost all of its staple foods. National self‐sufficiency in food, especially the main staple, rice, is a core objective of economic policy. Poverty reduction is also a core policy objective. Since the 1970s, Indonesia has used agricultural input subsidies, especially on fertilizer, to stimulate agricultural production, largely in pursuit of the goal of rice self‐sufficiency. More recently, it has also used output protection, especially in rice, for the same purpose. This article utilizes a multisectoral, multihousehold general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy to study the trade‐offs between the goals of self‐sufficiency and poverty reduction when two alternative means are used to achieve them: a fertilizer subsidy, on the one hand, and output protection, on the other. It does this by analyzing the aggregate and distributional effects of these two sets of policies and by comparing their effects with nonintervention. The analysis shows that, in terms of its effects on poverty, a fertilizer subsidy can be a more effective instrument for achieving the goal of rice self‐sufficiency than final product import restrictions.     

林业特色产业发展与林业补贴政策关联度的思考——以临安市山核桃产业为例

以临安市山核桃产业发展为例,通过实地调查了解了临安山核桃产业发展中的扶持措施、存在的问题;通过山核桃产业投入产出比的计算,反映了产业发展的成果,探讨林业补贴政策对林业特色产业发展的影响,指出目前林业补贴政策的缺失。     

退耕补贴到期对贫困地区农户消费的影响研究

目的 退耕补贴是维持贫困地区农户消费水平和维持生活消费的重要收入来源,首轮退耕还林补贴到期是否影响了退耕农户的消费是亟待探究的关键性问题,但鲜有研究对此进行探讨。方法 文章基于河北与四川8个贫困县831份农户实地调查数据,利用PSM-DID模型估计退耕补贴到期对农户消费水平和结构产生的影响,并利用组间差异分析和分位数回归来探究退耕补贴到期对异质性农户消费行为的影响。结果 退耕补贴到期对农户总消费、生存性消费、发展性消费和享受性消费影响系数分别为-0.091%、-0.087%、-0.097%和0.030%,贫困农户和低、中消费水平农户受到退耕补贴到期的较大影响。结论 退耕补贴到期对样本农户消费水平产生明显负向影响,同时一定程度上不利于农户消费结构改善。贫困农户相较于非贫困农户、低中消费水平农户相较于高消费水平农户更易受到退耕补贴到期的负向影响,为帮助提高贫困地区农户消费水平,维护脱贫攻坚成果,该研究依据实证结果提出政策建议。     

全产业链视角下农业绿色生态补贴环节与策略

[目的]2016年中央深改组提出《建立以绿色生态为导向的农业补贴制度改革方案》，由此如何建立绿色生态导向的农业补贴成为学界热议焦点，本文试图从农业全产业链视角建立精准的农业绿色生态补贴策略。[方法]以农业全产业链为视角，从农业生产环节、加工环节、流通环节和品牌建设环节入手，讨论农业绿色生态补贴环节与推进策略。[结果]研究发现，农业绿色生态补贴需以资源环境可持续利用为结果导向，以绿色高质量产品为目标导向，将补贴方式与金额与农业产业绿色化“挂钩”，明确补贴关键环节与责任主体，采取以奖代补、多元参与等方式，形成激励与管控相结合的补贴机制，提升补贴的精准性和指向性。[结论]基于以上思路，不同环节绿色生态补贴策略为：（1）生产环节补贴以化学投入品减量、农业废弃物资源化利用和绿色技术采纳生产者为主，根据绿色生产评估结果获得相应补贴；（2）加工环节补贴按照加工产品等级补贴、对废弃物资源化利用进行补贴等方面入手，提高加工环节绿色生态农业补贴的精准性和科学性；（3）流通环节对农产品流通存储基础设施建设等进行补贴；（4）品牌建设环节通过政府和市场两方面，利用补贴政策促进优质优价市场形成，实现农产品高质量发...     

Determinants of dairy-product trade: Do subsidies matter?

Given the recent changes in the supply and demand of dairy products, many opportunities arise for exporting and importing countries. This paper examines determinants of dairy-product trade by applying the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method to the gravity model using panel data on 49 exporting and 235 importing countries for the 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The gravity model is estimated using both interval data and dynamic analyses. The results show that domestic subsidies have a modest, but significant, impact on dairy-product trade across the models. For example, a 1% increase in subsidies leads to a roughly 0.02% increase in trade for an average country. Memberships in trade agreements, market size factors, and government institutions also positively affect dairy-product trade. However, tariffs are insignificant in the main model specification. Results from the lag-policy analysis show that the impact of subsidies disappears after the second year of distribution; whereas for the lead-policy analysis, results suggest at least 3 years of anticipatory effects on domestic subsidies.     

Fat taxes and thin subsidies: Prices, diet, and health outcomes

“Fat taxes” have been proposed as a way of addressing food-related health concerns. In this paper, we investigate the possible effects of “thin subsidies”, consumption subsidies for healthier foods. Empirical simulations, based on data from the Continuing Study of Food Intake by Individuals, are used to calculate the potential health benefits of subsidies on certain classes of fruits and vegetables in the United States. Estimates of the cost per statistical life saved through such subsidies compare favorably with existing U.S. government programs.     

渔船燃油补贴的金融效应——以赣榆县下口村为例

我国渔船燃油补贴依据我国国情提出,有其自己的特殊性。油补发挥作用的基础是"双控"政策,即渔船船数和功率指标实行总额控制,在这一政策背景下,实施油补,不会造成出海捕鱼的数量增加,更深一步,不会造成渔船过多以至于造成过度捕捞。燃油补贴的发放,使得功率指标转化成渔民的一项可支配资产,可进行买卖,同时也为渔民的融资提供了一个新的途径。除此之外,目前渔民的运营模式也变得金融化,使得渔村金融的繁荣,充满活力。因此,燃油补贴在改善渔民生活水平的同时,也改善着渔民的运营态势。     

Financial consequences of cross-compliance and flat-rate-per-ha subsidies: The case of olive farmers on sloping land

Under the past Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) olive oil subsidy regime, farmers were eligible for subsidies on the basis of amount of olive oil produced. This led to an intensification of production and negative environmental effects on sloping land, such as loss of biodiversity and more soil erosion. In 2004 the olive and olive oil regime changed, with integration of support to olive farmers in the Single Payment Scheme (SPS). From 2006 to 2013 farmers receive a constant amount of subsidies, based on the average amount they received in the 4-year reference period 1999–2002.     

森林抚育补贴试点的实践与探索——四川省阿坝州案例

森林抚育补贴试点是我国继建立森林生态效益补偿基金制度后,林业政策的又一重大突破。文章介绍了四川省阿坝州开展森林抚育补贴试点的指导思想、原则、任务与范围。试点的主要方法及工作措施,包括强化组织领导、科学规划设计、严格质量监控、资金直达管理等。截至2011年1月,全州完成森林抚育补贴试点任务6666.8hm2总投资1000.2万元。在总结经验基础上,分析了试点工作存在的主要问题,提出相应措施和政策建议。     

A Comparative Static Analysis of European Union Tariff and Support Policies for Canned Pears

Abstract

A nonlinear, partial equilibrium, Armington model of the European Union canned pear market was built and simulated for reductions in specific EU policies and for reductions in selected combinations of these policies relevant to canned pears: import tariffs, factor subsidies, and an output subsidy. Effects of these policy reductions on the following EU canned pear market variables were comparatively analyzed: own-product consumption, imports, exports, and price. Comparative analyses of these policy-specific effects were conducted from two viewpoints: the absolute magnitudes of completely eliminating, and the marginal effects of incrementally reducing, the EU policies and policy combinations. Among other findings, results suggest that EU tariff reduction enhances EU imports more than EU subsidy reduction, and that EU subsidy reduction increases EU prices more effectively than reducing EU tariffs.     

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的农民增收补贴政策效率分析——来自浦东新区面板数据的经验证据

[目的]2011年以来上海市浦东新区陆续实行一系列农民增收补贴政策,为了解政策在促进农民收入增加和农业发展方面的效果,进行了该研究。[方法]基于2011~2016年浦东新区和新区各镇的投入与产出数据,利用DEA-Malmquist模型对政策的总体技术效率和全要素生产率进行测算和分析。[结果]把浦东新区作为独立决策单元进行测算,政策实施期间的总体技术效率值为1,全要素生产率呈现出先下降后上升的趋势;对新区14个镇的测算显示大部分镇DEA有效,全要素生产率存在地区差异。[结论](1)浦东新区农民增收补贴政策总体成效显著;(2)农民增收补贴政策存在边际效用递减规律,2011~2016年浦东新区全要素生产率呈现出平缓"L"形走势;(3)浦东新区各镇总体技术效率和全要素生产率存在地区差异,北部镇情况优于南部镇。并根据结论提出了保持政策延续性和稳定性、调整农民增收补贴结构和增量补贴向南部镇倾斜等建议。