委托代理中风险偏好对契约安排的影响分析

委托代理关系主体的风险偏好对于双方签订的契约有着重要影响.本文在简要介绍委托代理理论、明晰风险偏好函数的基础上,透彻分析了不同风险偏好组合对契约安排的影响.     

基于风险偏好的报酬契约与预算松弛研究

风险偏好与预算松弛之间的关系是报酬契约能否有效解决预算松弛问题的重要前提.本文根据报酬契约设计中风险分摊和激励的关系,设计了三种不同类型的报酬契约,采用实验的方法研究在这三种不同类型的报酬契约下,预算下级风险偏好与预算松弛之间的关系.实验结果表明,风险偏好与预算松弛相关,但这种相关性会随着报酬契约的不同而变化.在风险分摊型报酬契约下,预算松弛的程度与预算下级的风险厌恶程度成正比;在激励补偿型报酬契约下,预算松弛程度与预算下级的风险厌恶程度成反比;在风险分摊和激励改善型报酬契约下,无论何种风险偏好的预算下级,预算松弛程度与前两种报酬契约相比会有不同程度的减少.     

风险偏好的差异性与融资的多样性

我们认为,公众公司（public company）的企业价值不仅依赖于企业家事后的管理行动,而且依赖于企业家的事前努力。为了实现企业价值最大化,不仅需要给予投资者企业的控制权以遏止企业家的机会主义行为,而且还需要激励企业家的事前努力。也就是说,企业价值不仅受到控制权安排的影响,而且离不开一份企业家收益与企业绩效直接挂钩的激励计划。在如此一份激励计划下,投资者的风险偏好差异性不再是无关紧要的,因为一种区分投资者偏好的融资方式可以节约企业的融资成本,使企业有更多的现金流来激励企业家努力工作。本文证明了,多样性的融资方式,即适当比例的债权-股权融资,在一定的条件下是一种最优的融资机制。而且,在企业家拥有一定初始财富的假定下,我们解释了为什么存在各种各样的资本结构。     

风险偏好的差异性与融资的多样性

我们认为,公众公司(public company)的企业价值不仅依赖于企业家事后的管理行动,而且依赖于企业家的事前努力。为了实现企业价值最大化,不仅需要给予投资者企业的控制权以遏止企业家的机会主义行为,而且还需要激励企业家的事前努力。也就是说,企业价值不仅受到控制权安排的影响,而且离不开一份企业家收益与企业绩效直接挂钩的激励计划。在如此一份激励计划下,投资者的风险偏好差异性不再是无关紧要的,因为一种区分投资者偏好的融资方式可以节约企业的融资成本,使企业有更多的现金流来激励企业家努力工作。本文证明了,多样性的融资方式,即适当比例的债权—股权融资,在一定的条件下是一种最优的融资机制。而且,在企业家拥有一定初始财富的假定下,我们解释了为什么存在各种各样的资本结构。     

企业家人力资本与企业产权安排的实证研究综述

企业家人力资本与企业产权安排的不同模式和相机治理直接影响企业家人力资本的受激励水平、程度和企业治理效率。本文在对国内学术界有关企业家人力资本与企业产权安排的实证方面进行综述的基础上,提出对相关问题的思考。     

国有资本委托代理关系与“完全放权合约”——评张维迎博士的几个观点

本文就如何正确构建国有资本的委托代理关系的问题 ,对张维迎博士的一些有影响的观点提出了商榷性的看法。其主要观点是 :( 1 )用“完全放权和约”(把国有资本的经营权完全下放给国有资本的代理人 ,从而使企业成为完全自主经营、自负盈亏和自我约束的市场主体 )来构筑国有资本的委托代理关系不仅是合理的 ,而且也是可行的 ,并且它也不会使国有制的性质发生改变。( 2 )“完全放权合约”能否是有效率的 ,取决于我们能否满足以下两个前提条件 :一是创造一种有效的合约安排 ,以使最终代理人不可能通过侵蚀国有资本而获取利益 ;二是创造一种特殊的签约机制 ,以使合理的“完全放权合约”的签定不依赖于签约双方的主观意志 (因为在现行政治体制下 ,要使上游代理人具有一种以初始委托人的利益最大化为目标的合理签约动机是不可能的 )。     

论会计信息在企业所有权分享与安排中的作用

本文从制度经济学角度分析了会计信息在企业所有权分享与安排的作用.会计信息不仅仅提供了信息使用者所需的与决策有关的财务信息,其中的收益表还反映了企业所有权的分享安排;未来的不确定性又决定了这种所有权安排是一种状态依存所有权,即什么状态下谁拥有剩余索取权和剩余控制权.     

战略风险投资家的激励报酬机制研究

战略风险投资与风险投资家之间是典型的多任务委托－代理关系，由于追求投资战略目标的努力不易被验证，基于有限合伙制的激励报酬机制，往往会导致风险投资家采取机会主义行为，背离委托人的投资意愿。     

委托代理模型中风险偏好对激励合同的影响分析

从实际出发构造了一类委托代理模型,研究委托人和代理人的风险偏好对激励合同的影响。研究表明：委托人在制定激励合同时应考虑自己及代理人的风险偏好,这样才能达到有效激励的目的。     

对企业信息与沟通的研究

一、问题的提出企业是一张由各利益相关人组成的契约网 ,是由一系列的委托—代理关系组成。按照委托—代理理论 ,由于委托人和代理人目标不一致以及信息的非对称状态必然发生代理问题 ,如“道德风险”和“逆向选择”等。代理问题的解决取决于两方面因素 :①委托人和代理人目标函数的拟合 ;②信息不对称状况的改善。前者的解决主要应从如何使剩余索取权和剩余控制权相统一入手 ,目前理论界对此已做过大量研究 ,并取得了一定的成果 ,如期权激励 ;业绩股等 ,这不是本文研究的内容。而是解决信息不对称问题 ,减少利益相关人之间的利益冲突 ,就必…     

试论企业经营者人力资本激励与约束

本文从企业经营者人力资本的一般特征入手,进一步延伸分析了企业经营者人力资本的产权特征,在此基础上论述了企业经营者激励与约束的制度选择,即赋予企业经营者剩余控制权和部分剩余索取权。     

基于委托代理视阈的职教产业激励模型构建

通过对职业教育投资活动中投资者、培训者和学习者三方的委托代理模型以及双边激励与学习者之间的收益分享结构模型的分析,以学习者和培训者的双边激励条件作为各方参与的条件,计算出了学习者效用最优化、培训者效用最优化下的职业教育投资收益分享结构.     

银行操作风险管理研究：委托代理理论视角

当前对操作风险的研究主要聚焦于利用现代金融风险度量技术进行操作风险管理，但由于操作风险自身的特点，这些度量方法存在很大的局限性。由于操作风险主要是一种内部管理风险，源于银行委托代理关系中的利益冲突，委托代理理论为我国商业银行操作风险研究提供了新的研究视角。     

多品种盈亏平衡点计算通式与最优解的确定——兼与元凤江先生商榷

多品种盈亏平衡点有多种应用环境 ,因而 ,在其计算通式中多个变量间相互关系有着不同的解释 ,而产生不同的最优解     

Risk and risk aversion when states of nature matter

When uncertainty is associated with some intrinsically relevant states of nature, there is no reason for an agent to base his or her preferences only on probability distribution of claims. We propose a new concept of risk for state-contingent claims that, unlike the standard concept of Rothschild–Stiglitz, does not identify state-contingent claims with their probability distribution. This concept is called mean-independent risk, and we provide a simple characterization in terms of marginal utilities of (non-expected) utility functions that exhibit aversion to mean-independent risk. We study implications of aversion to mean-independent risk on agents’ choices under uncertainty. This research has been supported by the NSF under Grant SES-0099206. I have benefited from numerous conversations with Rose-Anne Dana and illuminating discussions with Tadeusz Miłosz about the theory of subgradients.     

Technological change under residual risk regulation: The case of coke ovens in the U.S. steel industry

An engineering-economic model is used within a dynamic setting to determine the least cost mix of investment and import activities as the U.S. steel industry faces successively tighter controls on coke oven emissions over the next 10 years. In response to Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards proposed for 1995, U.S. steel producers would likely export their toxic pollution by importing 6 million tons of coke per year. About 4 million tons of coke oven capacity is retrofit and about 1 million tons of annual coke consumption is replaced by new iron technologies, such as Corex. The Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) standards proposed for 1998 roughly double the coke oven retirements estimated to occur under MACT. Coke imports also are substantial but are no higher than under MACT because the additional time allows the industry to invest in more coke-saving blast furnaces and in new less toxic coke-making technologies, such as the Jewell process. The LAER standards in conjunction with higher capital costs, however, force coke imports to more than 8 million tons per year and sharply increase imports of semi-finished steel. Such a situation could exacerbate existing disputes on international steel trade.The authors are associate professor, instructor, and graduate student, respectively. This research was performed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines Distinguished Young Scholar Award Administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities for the Bureau of Mines. Naturally, the usual disclaimer applies.     

On the equivalence of weak dominance and sequential best response

In this paper, we identify the conditions under which a strategy is weakly dominated if and only if it is not sequential best response. In addition, we explore the implication for extensive form rationalizability.     

Problems of elderly health care and welfare arrangement --Case study of demand on elder care in northeastern of Thailand

This research attempted to explain the problems of elderly health care, the problems and suggestion in elder welfare arrangement and the demand on elder care. The survey underlying this study was conducted in Muang district, Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Eighteen subdistricts were interviewed in the study area. Data were collected in two areas of Khon Kaen province, that are, the city of Khon Kaen and the outside Thesaban Nakhon Khon Kaen. The random sample consisted of 386 elders： 112 elders lived in the city of Khon Kaen and 234 elders lived outside Thesaban Nakhon Khon Kaen, Muang district, Khon Kaen. The analysis of the demand on elderly welfare gave an interesting result that the elders demanded on monthly income to support living cost and medical services at high level; The demand on housing was at low level; The demand on education, religion and culture the demand on club, sport and entertainment, and the demand on job and art were at the moderate level; The main problem of elderly welfare arrangement was the scarcity of budget support, the weakness of elder health, and activities announcement. The analysis of pattern of elder welfare： The case study of elder care identified that 31.87 percent of the elders had demand on elder care. Price of the elder care at 100 Baht per day was mostly selected about one-fourth of all the case occurred. Female elder selected the elder care at 100 Baht per day, while male elder choose at a higher price level, which were 200 Baht per day and 150 Baht per day respectively. The female elder care was the most popular. The elder care age between 30-39 years was mostly selected. Finally, most of elders purposed the working day of the elder care depend on their appointment.     

劳动力产权界定的最优模式及其最佳路径

科斯定理并不仅仅是物权定理,更是基本人权意义上的劳动力产权定理。劳动力产权界定具有两种模式和四种路径,其中由国家以法权界定给每个劳动者,并承担起充分有效的相关保护责任,使所有劳动者成为完整意义上的法律自由人,将会成为劳动力产权界定的最优模式和最佳路径。国家合法存在的首要职能和终极理由,就是在政治学和法学意义上保护基本人权,而在经济学和管理学意义上则是保护劳动力个人自主产权。这种"个人主权和国家保护"的产权模式,对任何国家的可持续繁荣而言,都是具有普适价值的长效制度基础。     

The Optimal Mode and Its Best Path to the Definition of Labor Force FLights

科斯定理并不仅仅是物权定理,更是基本人权意义上的劳动力产权定理。劳动力产权界定具有两种模式和四种路径,其中由国家以法权界定给每个劳动者,并承担起充分有效的相关保护责任,使所有劳动者成为完整意义上的法律自由人,将会成为劳动力产权界定的最优模式和最佳路径。国家合法存在的首要职能和终极理由,就是在政治学和法学意义上保护基本人权,而在经济学和管理学意义上则是保护劳动力个人自主产权。这种＂个人主权和国家保护＂的产权模式,对任何国家的可持续繁荣而言,都是具有普适价值的长效制度基础。