关于完善检验检疫证据制度的探讨

出入境检验检疫证据制度(以下简称检验检疫证据制度)属行政程序制度范畴。目前,在我国出入境检验检疫证据方面,尚无完善、统一和规范的制度。出入境检验检疫机构是我国实施进出口商品检验、进出境动植物检疫、国境卫生检疫的涉外综合行政执法管理部门,在我国贯彻落实依法治国基本方略、全面推进依法行政、建设法治政府的     

检验检疫行政即时强制之我见

检验检疫工作的一个重要特点,就是强制性.通过立法形式,依照检验检疫法律法规对出入境物品进行管制或严格控制传染病传入传出,是一种技术性监督的措施.这种强制性,由国家法律、法规所赋予,通过国家政权的强制力保证其实施,在行政强制措施中得到充分体现.随着我国加入WTO,检验检疫行政行为重点逐渐转移到安全、健康、卫生、环保、反欺诈上来,检验检疫行政即时强制也随之经常运用.但如果运用不当,就会影响我国国际交往、对外贸易,给国家利益造成损失,损害有关当事人的合法权益,因此正确认识它和运用它有着重要的现实意义.下面谈谈对检验检疫行政即时强制的几点认识.     

国外检验检疫证书的识别和审核

国外检验检疫证书是国外检验检疫机构对其出口的农产品、动物源性产品、废旧物品等涉及安全、卫生、健康、环保的敏感商品进行检验或检疫处理的官方证明文件,以证明其产品符合我国检验检疫法规的相关规定。比较常见的证书有植物检疫证书、卫生证书、原产地证书等。涉及的国家主要有美国、西班牙、澳大利亚、马来西亚、日本、智利、秘鲁等。如何识别和鉴别国外检验检疫证书的内容和真伪一直是困扰检验检疫报检审单工作的难题。     

对规范协检员制度的思考

随着我国经济的发展,进出口贸易额呈逐年递增趋势,作为主管全国进出口商品检验、动植物检疫和国境卫生检疫的出入境检验检疫机构,工作量随之日益加大。为了解决检验检疫工作渐重和现有人力资源不足的矛盾,检验检疫的协检员制度应运而生。辩证法告诉我们,任何事随着我国经济的发展,进出口贸易额呈逐年递增趋势,作为主管全国进出口商品检验、动植物检疫和国境卫生检疫的出入境检验检疫机构,工作量随之日益加大。     

建设高素质检验检疫公务员队伍的法律思考

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快和我国改革开放事业的不断推进,出入境检验检疫机关发挥着越来越重要的作用,同时也面临着前所未有的压力和挑战。建设一支政治坚定、纪律严明、业务精湛、作风优良、公正廉洁的检验检疫公务员队伍,是切实履行检验检疫职能和职责、应对压力和挑战的必然要求,是落实科学发展观、提高检验检疫工作对社会经济发展有效性的必然要求。本文以《公务员法》和出入境检验检疫法律法规等为依据,探讨了检验检疫系统公务员“高素质”的法律内涵,提出了以提高能力为核心、建设高素质的检验检疫公务员队伍的主要途径,以有效履行国家赋予的出入境检验检疫职能职责的需要。     

境外检验检疫证书的审核与鉴别

检验检疫证书是出入境货物是否符合进出口国家法律法规要求的重要法律文书之一,也是对外贸易关系人用以通关、结汇、索赔的重要凭证。根据我国检验检疫法律法规的要求,对农产品、动物源性产品、废旧物品等涉及安全、卫生、健康、环保的敏感进口商品,报检人需提供出口国家或地区     

美国进出口动物检疫管理体系和法律法规体系简介

受国家质检总局委派,我们一行4人于2002年9月赴美参加动物检疫的培训和考察.在此期间,对美国的动物检疫管理、法律法规以及进出口动物检疫程序、动物疫病控制措施等有了较全面的了解.本文着重介绍美国动物检疫管理体系和有关法律法规.     

正确认识和把握检验检疫依法行政的规律

检验检疫依法行政是国家检验检疫机关依照相关法律、法规对出入境人员、货物依法实施检验检疫的行政执法活动,对于维护国家利益、推动经济发展、实现社会和谐具有十分重要的意义.检验检疫工作覆盖较多领域,牵涉多方利益,在其依法行政的理论和实践中,必须坚持以科学发展观为指导,正确认识其内在矛盾,认真把握各方面辩证关系,自觉遵循基本规律,不断提高工作的质量、水平和效用.     

浅谈出入境检验检疫法律的溯及力问题

为有效服务外贸进出口发展,切实依法履行把关服务职责,保障消费者安全,自2009年1月1日起,国家质检总局调整《出入境检验检疫机构实施出入境检验检疫的进出境商品目录》（简称：《法检目录》）。调出初级纺织品、矿产品、石材、工业原料等商品640个;调入日常生活用品、婴幼儿及儿童服装、家用电器、卫生器具等商品354个;进出口企业对2008年已有进口或出口海关监管条件的商品,在2009年后如何实施检验检疫还存在着模糊认识,现通过对检验检疫法律的溯及力问题探讨来进行分析说明。     

澳大利亚动植物检疫检验扫描

一、澳大利亚动植物检疫法规澳大利亚正在执行的涉及进出境动物及其产品的主要检疫检验的法律(ACT)有3部,即:1.1908年颁布的《检疫法》。该法只针对进境检疫,包括对人、动物及植物的检疫。根据该法,澳大利亚颁布了3个条例,即A《检疫(一般)条例》该条例针对人的卫生检疫;B《检疫     

自由贸易与贸易保护主义——公平与效率问题

当今世界 ,贸易自由化成为世界经济发展的主流 ,降低关税和非关税壁垒成为各国双边和多边谈判的主要议题。自由贸易与贸易保护主义的争论由来已久 ,自由贸易的效率以及产生的不公平问题用“补偿原则”来解决是存在局限性的 ,所以 ,自由贸易和贸易保护主义之间政策的权衡十分必要。解决贸易自由化中不公平的问题应从政府制定规则、完善社会保障和建立社会道德标准三方面加以着手。     

INNOVATION AND GROWTH WITH RICH AND POOR CONSUMERS

This work studies the impact of income inequality on the level of innovative activities in a model where innovations result in quality improvements. In contrast to the standard model of innovations and growth, the equilibrium outcome may be characterized by a situation where not only the quality leader but also producers of worse qualities are on the market. In that case the quality leader sells to the rich, whereas the producer of the second‐best quality sells to the poor. In general, we find that a more equal distribution of income is favourable for innovation incentives. This is consistent with empirical evidence suggesting that countries with a more equal distribution of income have grown faster.     

OPTIMAL CONSUMPTION AND PORTFOLIO SELECTION WITH INCOMPLETE MARKETS AND UPPER AND LOWER BOUND CONSTRAINTS

We study an optimal consumption and portfolio selection problem for an investor by a martingale approach. We assume that time is a discrete and finite horizon, the sample space is finite and the number of securities is smaller than that of the possible securities price vector transitions. the investor is prohibited from investing stocks more (less, respectively) than given upper (lower) bounds at any time, and he maximizes an expected time additive utility function for the consumption process. First we give a set of budget feasibility conditions so that a consumption process is attainable by an admissible portfolio process. Also we state the existence of the unique primal optimal solutions. Next we formulate a dual control problem and establish the duality between primal and dual control problems. Also we show the existence of dual optimal solutions. Finally we consider the computational aspect of dual approach through a simple numerical example.     

论货币与金银货币

关于货币产生过程 ,理论界根据马克思的《资本论》 ,普遍认为应划分为四个阶段 ,把货币阶段与金银货币阶段等同起来 ,认为货币即金银货币。本文提出了新观点 :认为根据有关的资料 ,也可以把货币的产生过程划分为五个阶段 ,不把货币与金银货币划等号 ,认为货币的产生应早于金银货币 ,并阐明了提出以上新观点的依据。     

DEFAULT RISK AND DIVERSIFICATION: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL IMPLICATIONS

Recent advances in the theory of credit risk allow the use of standard term structure machinery for default risk modeling and estimation. The empirical literature in this area often interprets the drift adjustments of the default intensity's diffusion state variables as the only default risk premium. We show that this interpretation implies a restriction on the form of possible default risk premia, which can be justified through exact and approximate notions of "diversifiable default risk." The equivalence between the empirical and martingale default intensities that follows from diversifiable default risk greatly facilitates the pricing and management of credit risk. We emphasize that this is not an equivalence in distribution, and illustrate its importance using credit spread dynamics estimated in Duffee (1999) . We also argue that the assumption of diversifiability is implicitly used in certain existing models of mortgage-backed securities.     

SIMPLE PROCESSES AND THE PRICING AND HEDGING OF CLIQUETS

For data on market prices for 246 cliquets we consider pricing these exotic options using a relatively simple path space. The path space is subsequently stressed to market implied stress levels as well as stress levels predicted from contract characteristics. An additive process transitioning from a Sato process to a Levy process is formulated and estimated on vanilla options. Ask prices constructed from predicted stress levels are observed to have an in sample correlation of 92% with market prices. Interestingly, it is observed that capped cash flows have negative stress levels while uncapped products have positive stress levels. We illustrate the effect of hedging cliquet liabilities using call options as hedging assets permitting a 10% reduction in ask prices.     

电子政务与电子商务的同构与协同

本文基于电子政务与电子商务的基本内涵,详细分析了二者的"同构"、交集与关联,阐述了二者协同发展的思路和途径.本文分析了电子政务与电子商务的支撑体系(信用管理体系、法律环境、标准体系、基础管理体系等)的"同构"性、电子政务与电子商务在对外服务方面上的的交叉部分,以及电子政务与电子商务互促互进共同繁荣的发展路径和远景思路.     

我国石油天然气会计存在的问题及其改进

统一的会计制度不能够反映石油天然气会计的特殊性,海外上市的石油公司虽然采用国际通用的成果法,但在某些具体处理上仍然存在缺陷。为提高会计信息的决策相关性,应在储量信息报告等诸多方面对我国的石油天然气会计予以完善     

UNCERTAINTY AND EXPECTATIONS IN SHACKLE'S THEORY OF CAPITAL AND INTEREST

This paper is focused on the macroeconomic aspects of Shackle's theory of capital and interest. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this theory. Among the strengths is Shackle's treatment of historical time, expectations and their disappointment, ex ante and ex post magnitudes, macroeconomic equilibrium and disequilibrium. Among the weaknesses is Shackle's failure to grasp the difference between the theory of interest as such and the theory of the money rate of interest as well as the difference between the theory of capital in the context of logical time (the old Austrian approach) and the theory of capital in the context of historical time (Hayek's and Shackle's preferred approach).

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OPTION PRICING AND HEDGING WITH EXECUTION COSTS AND MARKET IMPACT

This paper considers the pricing and hedging of a call option when liquidity matters, that is, either for a large nominal or for an illiquid underlying asset. In practice, as opposed to the classical assumptions of a price‐taking agent in a frictionless market, traders cannot be perfectly hedged because of execution costs and market impact. They indeed face a trade‐off between hedging errors and costs that can be solved by using stochastic optimal control. Our modeling framework, which is inspired by the recent literature on optimal execution, makes it possible to account for both execution costs and the lasting market impact of trades. Prices are obtained through the indifference pricing approach. Numerical examples are provided, along with comparisons to standard methods.