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Damasio's [Descarte's Error: Emotion, Rationality and the Human Brain. Putnam (Grosset Books), New York, 1994] Somatic Marker hypothesis posits that emotion-generated mental markers influence our decisions and, in particular, tend to curb inherent tendencies to seek risk, to be impatient and to be callous in social situations. Ventromedial (VM) prefrontal cortex damage interferes with this marking process, resulting in risk seeking behavior, impatience and socially inappropriate behavior. In the present study, we present 27 normal controls and 17 patients with prefrontal cortex lesions with batteries of questions designed to probe their attitudes toward risk, intertemporal preferences and behavior in social contexts. The results demonstrate that VM patients are no more risk seeking, impatient, or prone to behavior in socially inappropriate manners than normal subjects. Indeed, we find no significant differences of any sort between the two groups of subjects on any the dimensions investigated. We discuss why VM cortex damage in humans appears to influence decisions in certain circumstances but not in others. 相似文献
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Convergent Validity of Attribute-Based,Choice Questions in Stated-Preference Studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The application of attribute-based choice questions is well established in the marketing literature, but there are unique
aspects of the design that warrant investigation to assess their validity for economic welfare estimation. Three design issues
are investigated in this paper: (1) the placement of the monetary stimulus (policy cost to respondents) in the sequence of
attributes, (2) the number of policy alternatives respondents are asked to consider in choice questions (two versus three),
and (3) the inclusion, versus exclusion, of a status-quo alternative in choice questions. The data used to implement these
investigations are from a survey designed to estimate the value Maine residents place on a farmland conservation easement
program. Tests of convergent validity indicate that the placement of the monetary stimulus, first versus last in the list
of attributes, did not affect estimates of preference parameters, significant differences between questions with three versus
two alternatives did occur, and the inclusion/exclusion of a status-quo alternative did not affect preference parameters. 相似文献