International trade agreements between countries of asymmetric size

This paper analyzes how changes in the structure and environment of trade agreements between a small and a large country affect the efficient frontier of those self-enforcing agreements and hence, negotiation outcomes. Using the autarky punishment instead of the interior Nash punishment may provide the small country with greater bargaining power. Negotiating direct transfers under free trade instead of reciprocal tariff reductions improves the worst possible negotiation outcome for the small country. The existence of irreversible investment may strengthen (weaken) the small country’s bargaining power under the interior Nash (autarky) punishment scheme.     

Trade policy, cross-border externalities and lobbies: do linked agreements enforce more cooperative outcomes?

We analyze whether linking international cooperation in trade policy to environmental policy (or other issues with nonpecuniary externalities) promotes more cooperation in both policies, or whether cooperation in one is strengthened at the expense of the other. In the context of self-enforcing agreements, we show that if the policies are independent in the government's objective function, then linkage promotes cooperation in one policy at the expense of the policy that is easier to enforce under no-linkage. However, if the linked policies are not independent and if these policies are strategic complements, then linkage can sustain more cooperation in both issues than no-linkage. The policies are strategic complements only if (i) the production externality has cross-border effects; (ii) the weight on the externality cost is high; (iii) import competing lobbies are not “powerful”.     

The Politics of Japan–China Trade and the Role of the World Trade System

The large and rapidly growing trade relationship between Japan and China has occurred against a backdrop of political tensions. This study measures performance of the trade relationship, benchmarking it against other trade flows worldwide, and examines the impact of the politics on bilateral trade performance. To do this, a frontier gravity model is estimated using core determinants of trade. This gives a benchmark against which to measure trade performance, explained using resistances to trade. While the economic relationship is not independent from the politics, an important conclusion is that trade has not been diminished or disturbed by politics to a significant extent. China’s commitment to the global trading system from the mid‐1980s and its accession to the WTO in 2001 has meant that tensions in the political relationship with Japan from time to time have not derailed, but rather have increasingly come to be dominated, by the economic relationship.     

长江三角洲地区外商直接投资的对外贸易效应

本文由长三角地区(16城市)FDI与对外贸易的简单数量关系,构筑了地区层面的对外贸易模型,运用面板数据(PanelData)方法对长三角地区FDI的对外贸易效应及FDI在上海双边贸易中的作用进行了分析。结果表明,FDI对长三角地区的对外贸易及上海的双边贸易均起到了显著的正向推动作用,长三角地区FDI与对外贸易之间存在互补关系。     

环境保护与贸易自由化的冲突及解决

自1990年以来,环境保护与贸易自由的关系问题就成了世界上最热门的话题之一。环境保护主义者认为是自由贸易导致了全球环境的不断加剧恶化,应限制自由贸易;而贸易自由主义者坚持只有自由贸易才能更有效地保护环境,应努力消除一切贸易壁垒,使贸易更加自由化。如何协调好自由贸易与环境保护之间的关系,成为人类面临的重大课题。通过环境保护与贸易自由化的经济学分析,可以得出结论:环境保护与贸易自由化二者可以协调发展。环境成本内部化是解决这一问题的重要手段。     

我国环渤海地区外国直接投资与对外贸易效应的实证研究

本文运用面板数据方法对环渤海地区的对外贸易效应进行了分析,结果表明外国直接投资对整个环渤海地区的对外贸易起到了正向推动作用,环渤海地区的外国直接投资与对外贸易之间存在互补关系。同时分别对该地区7个省市区外国直接投资与对外贸易的关系进行了研究。     

美中贸易逆差的根源与实证分析

后金融危机时代,美中贸易逆差成为人们关注的焦点。美中贸易逆差根源在于美国自身的经济结构问题,是国际产业分工深化和美国自身产业结构调整的结果,并非汇率问题,即人民币升值不能解决美中贸易逆差问题。文章通过实证分析得出,(1)美国贸易逆差与美国制造业对外直接投资存在正向的长期均衡关系,两者存在格兰杰因果关系,说明美国货物贸易逆差的扩大与制造业对外直接投资有关。(2)美国对华贸易逆差与美国对华直接投资存在正向的长期均衡关系,两者同时存在格兰杰因果关系,即美中贸易逆差随着美国对华直接投资的增加而不断扩大。     

贸易自由化与我国城市贫困之间的关系

改革开放近30年来,在贸易自由化和城乡人口流动的背景下,本文运用门槛面板数据模型实证研究了贸易自由化影响我国城市贫困的机制和关系特征。结果发现,贸易自由化主要从经济增长、就业与工资以及物价水平等渠道影响城市贫困。并且,贸易自由化和城市贫困之间存在一种非线性的倒U关系,即在贸易自由化初期,贸易自由化加剧了城市贫困,当贸易自由化水平越过某一门槛值时,贸易自由化有助于城市贫困的减少。其政策含义在于,我国应继续扩大对外贸易的规模和层次,让广大人民充分享受改革开放之成果,摆脱贫困困境。     

Product Innovativeness,Trade Show Strategy and Trade Show Performance

Abstract

This study examines the effects of product innovativeness and trade show strategy on trade show performance. Based on a sample from the information technology industry in Taiwan, the results show that companies marketing innovative products focus on the trust and relationship building toward visitors and trade show organizers. In addition, information communication and relationship building strategies toward visitors affect perceived trade show performance. Finally, product innovativeness has a direct effect on perceived trade show performance in addition to the effect through trade show strategies.     

Unexpected Effects of the Washington Consensus: Trade Liberalization and Migration Flows in Latin America

The traditional theory of international trade assumes that there is a substitution relationship between international trade and migration flows. However, trade liberalization in Latin America has come with an increase in emigration. This article, based on an econometric analysis for the period 1981–2002, shows that there is a complementary relationship between trade and international migration. One explanation is related to the Washington Consensus. In particular, higher labor market flexibility, in the context of trade openness, has resulted in higher levels of unemployment. Therefore, emigration represents a safety valve that reduces the pressure on Latin American labor markets.     

从产业间贸易到产业内贸易——我国贸易结构演变的实证研究

本文基于我国1992-2003年间的数据,对产业间-产业内贸易结构及其与经济发展水平之间的联系进行检验。首先将产业内贸易分为水平型与垂直型两类,考察了产业间贸易、两种类型产业内贸易结构的演变。然后探讨了贸易结构的这种演变与我国经济发展水平之间的关系。得出以下结论:我国贸易结构以垂直产业内贸易为主,并且具有增加趋势;产业间贸易比重略低于垂直产业内贸易比重,但呈现减少趋势;水平产业内贸易比重一直较小。我国垂直产业内贸易与我国参与国际垂直分工的程度密不可分,并且垂直产业内贸易的发展与经济发展水平之间具有显著的正相关性。     

The effect of openness on corruption

The seminal paper on the subject of corruption and trade is from Kruger (1974). She finds that quantitative trade restrictions shift resources from directly productive activities to rent seeking activities, such as corruption. This paper analyses the relationship between corruption and trade using corruption estimates and trade measures from multiple sources. The majority of empirical evidence supports a negative relationship between corruption and openness; however, this does not hold for all the data sets available. The estimated relationship seems to depend on the choice of the corruption index. Therefore, the data only provide weak support for the contention that trade restrictions increase corruption.     

Demand-following or supply-leading? Trade openness and financial development in China

This study explores the causal relationship between financial development and trade openness in China, using the research methodology namely bootstrap Granger full-sample causality test and sub-sample rolling-window estimation. The results reveal that there is a significant bidirectional relationship between financial development and trade openness in China, pointing out the existence of both ‘demand-following’ and ‘supply-leading’ hypotheses. Furthermore, their relationship fits well the fact that China has experienced economic restructuring and structural changes in the past few decades. As financial development improves trade openness robustly, the Chinese policymakers should further increase financial reform to promote trade development.     

The effects of trade agreements on the growth of major Latin American economies

While the connection between trade openness and economic growth is generally assumed to be positive, empirically, it is not clearly demonstrable. Examinations of the relationship between trade and growth have taken a number of approaches, differing both in the empirical methods, as well as the proxies employed for trade openness, trade liberalization, and growth, but results have been decidedly mixed. Our research differs from prior studies in that it does not examine whether trade policy, trade liberalization or the level of trade itself enhances GDP; but rather whether participating in a specific type of trade agreement/union and/or the number of trade agreements to which a given country or region belongs enhances a country's level of growth. For this purpose, we study the relationship between trade agreements and growth for 18 Latin American countries between 1960 and 2008. Empirical analysis uses an adaptation of the neoclassical Solow growth model. Even though supporters of globalization advance the notion that involvement in trade agreements will help a country's economy, our findings suggest that that may not be consistently so.     

我国对外贸易政策经济绩效的实证检验

利用我国30年对外开放实践的有关时间序列数据,通过计量回归模型检验,发现传统贸易政策的贸易促进作用并不明显,而利用外资(FDI)却表现出极强的贸易与投资一体化态势。贸易政策作为产业政策的有机组成部分,正是通过推动体制变革和经济结构调整,来促进贸易与宏观经济协同增长。这也进一步佐证了经济结构演进对贸易政策的内生决定作用。     

外国直接投资的国际贸易效应:基于我国行业数据的分析

本文在Rybczynski定理的基础上考察了外国直接投资与国际贸易之间替代和互补的关系。在理论分析部分,建立了一个简化的要素特定模型,分析了特定部门初始贸易状态与部门产出以及外国直接投资的关系。在实证分析部分,用我国各行业外国直接投资和贸易的数据对其进行了检验,结果发现外国直接投资对我国各行业贸易的影响都很显著,但是具体的替代和互补关系却因时期不同而不同。     

外商直接投资与对外贸易相互关系的实证研究

中国2001年加入世界贸易组织以后,外商直接投资和对外贸易都获得了快速的发展,对促进中国经济的飞速发展起到了巨大的推动作用。本文主要探讨2001-2010年外商直接投资与对外贸易的关系,发现进出口贸易额和外商直接投资不存在长期的稳定关系,但是中国的出口贸易额和外商直接投资存在双向的格兰杰因果关系,并且这种双向关系是互补的,进口贸易额和外商直接投资可能存在一定正向关系,但是这种关系是不显著的。     

Skill classification does matter: estimating the relationship between trade flows and wage inequality

Empirical work must pay careful attention to how it measures the relative skill abundance of countries and the relative skill intensity embodied in trade flows. This paper compiles a new data set, using income levels, average education, manufacturing wages, and an index of these three variables, to classify countries and trade flows as relatively high skill or low skill. Then, in order to show the importance of skill classification, it uses a reduced-form fixed-effects model to estimate the relationship between trade flows and wage inequality. This specification not only controls for any time-invariant omitted variables, but also permits the inclusion of a large number of diverse countries. When more accurate skill rankings are utilized, results suggest that, in high-skill abundant countries, increased trade with lower-skill countries is correlated with an increase in wage inequality. This relationship is significant and highly robust and is driven by the negative relationship between trade and low-skill wages (instead of a positive relationship between trade and high-skill wages.) Results, however, are highly dependent on the skill classification utilized.     

Top management attention to trade shows and firm performance: A relationship marketing perspective

B2B marketers allocate significant resources to trade shows, but often struggle to make a strong business case for these activities. Responding to calls to justify such investments, this research examines the effect that top management attention to trade shows has on firm value. Based on attention theory, this study suggests that top management's focus on trade show relationship marketing efforts results in better trade show performance. This helps develop market-based assets that in turn augment firm value. Using an event study to extrapolate the contingent effect that top management attention to trade shows has on firm value, the basic hypothesis is supported. Additionally, this research tests three top management orientations that are key to performing trade show relationship marketing activities. The findings address the absence of top management from extant trade show research and provide marketers with new insights related to maximizing their trade show investments.     

服务贸易出口对我国经济增长贡献的实证分析

本文以1985～2005年数据为样本,通过统计分析与计量经济分析,对服务贸易出口与我国经济增长间的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明：服务贸易出口与经济增长存在长期均衡关系,服务贸易出口促进了我国经济增长,服务贸易出口是经济增长的Granger原因。本文进一步分析了发展服务贸易,提高服务贸易出口对我国经济增长贡献度的政策和措施。