国内需求：景气恢复 前喜后忧

在过去的2002年度和2003年度，日本经济已保持了连续两年的恢复性增长，这使得关注日本经济的人们依稀看到了景气恢复的曙光。那么，这一希望之光最终能否驱散笼罩日本经济10年之久的阴霾，目前各方看法仍不尽一致。在此情况之下，2004年日本经济的表现就显得尤为引人注目。     

2003：脆弱复苏中的日本经济——总体：萧条过底 景气待为

2003年日本经济呈现出复苏的迹象，国内外专家、学者对此极为关注。但是，对日本经济走势的分析目前还尚难定论，还需要透过现象进行深入的研究。为此，我们组织了吉林大学东北亚研究中心日本研究方面的有关专家、学者从总体、内需、财政、货币金融、国际贸易、国际直接投资、产业国际竞争力和企业雇佣等角度，对2003年的日本经济进行了回顾与分析，并在此基础上，对日本经济今后的走势进行了展望。     

世界经济放缓将持续到2006年

最近，世界银行发表的《2005年全球发展金融》报告指出，2004年是全球经济增长强劲的一年，尤其是发展中国家，创下了30多年来最快的经济增长速度。全球的经济复苏得以加强，很大程度上来自于美国和亚洲，尤其是中国：而且经济复苏的范围也得以扩大，拉丁美洲出现了回升，日本经济在加速，同时欧洲也处于温和的复苏之中。在有利的全球经济环境和强劲的国内经济表现的推动下，发展中国家2004年吸引国际资本比2003年有所放慢．以以下四大因素表明，世界经济正在放缓、减速，这一趋势将持续到2006年。     

利用外资——平稳增长

从国际经济环境来看，存在着有利于国际直接投资继续增长的因素和条件。首先，在美国经济复苏、企业收益提高和股市上升等因素的影响下，2004年全球直接投资结束了2001年以来连续三年的下滑趋势，实现了2％左右的增长。市场普遍认为国际直接投资将从此进入新一轮增长周期，2005年以来并购投资的增长趋势也确实说明了这一点。     

浅谈日元国际化

战后，以美元荒、美元过剩和美元危机为标志，展示了美国经济由繁盛到衰落的历史。1968年，日本一跃成为翼第二经济大国，接着又超越美国，成为世界头号债权大国。美国、西欧和日本形成了西方的三个经济中心。到70年代到，在国际货币领域出现了美元、欧洲货币体系和日元三个贷币中心。美元作为老的货币中心，虽见衰落，但仍发挥着老大的作用；欧洲货币体系自1979年3月创立，随着1992年欧洲统一大市场的逼近和欧共体各国的努力，也取得了长足的进展；而日本随着在世界经济和国际金融中地位的迅速提高，日元在国际结算、国际储备和国际信贷中，正发挥着越来越重要的作用，日元国际化业已取得很大进展。此时，对日元国际化问题进行研究，探讨其得失，借鉴其成败，的确是一件有益的工作。     

关于中日经济规模的国际比较

本研究主要讨论中国与日本的经济规模比较。在综述了各研究者对中国国际可比CDP 的测算方法和结果的基础上,以1995年为基年用生产法测算了中日的可直接比较行业的双边购买力平价(PPP),并利用三种方法测算了非直接比较行业的 PPP 以得到国民经济总体的 PPP,利用增长率法和 GDP 减缩指数法推算了1996～2004年日本的以人民币表示的 GDP。本文发现至少从2003年开始,中国 GDP 与日本相当,在2004年,中国的 GDP 是日本的1.03～1.11倍。     

关于国际经济一体化理论的几个问题

关于国际经济一体化思想的产生时间，国内学者普遍接受了英国经济学家阿格拉的说法，即国际经济一体化这一概念在西方经济学文献中最早出现于１９４２年。①但实际上，国际经济一体化思想的萌生以及概念的明确提出要远早于此。同时，随着几十年国际经济一体化实践的不断加...     

2003:脆弱复苏中的日本经济

2003年日本经济呈现出复苏的迹象,国内外专家、学者对此极为关注。但是,对日本经济走势的分析目前还尚难定论,还需要透过现象进行深入的研究。为此,我们组织了吉林大学东北亚研究中心日本研究方面的有关专家、学者从总体、内需、财政、货币金融、国际贸易、国际直接投资、产业国际竞争力和企业雇佣等角度,对2003年的日本经济进行了回顾与分析,并在此基础上,对日本经济今后的走势进行了展望。     

日本的发展和世界经济的不平衡——兼论日本的国际经济政策课题

在探讨世界经济的未来趋势时,国际经济体系如何协调——日本对此应做出怎样的贡献,是一个带有根本性的问题。 深刻的国际经济力量的消长变化 近20年来,国际经济体系中的力量对比呈现了历史空前的变化,这在日美两国的经济水平的升沉中有最透彻的体现。由于20世纪30年代以来美国在国际经济中具有举足轻重的地位,因此日本经济力量的对外倾轧、上升在很大程度上导致美国经济影响下降的过程,反映了世界经济发展具有历史性转折的深刻意义。     

由循环经济启发的五点思考

“循环”经济必须要具有国际经济“循环”的观察 循环经济的理论基础应当说是生态经济理论．循环经济的循环是离不开国际经济生态环境的．被称之为“世界工厂”的中国更离不开国际贸易的大循环。2004年我国成为世界第三大贸易国．总额高达11548亿美元。从各国之间的进出口贸易收支平衡情况．我国对欧盟和美国处于顺差．而对亚洲周边国家（地区）则处于相当大的逆差。2004年发生了重大变化之一就是日本在持续12年为我国第一大的贸易伙伴后降至为了第三位．     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

On the Major Transformation of the Asia-Pacific Regional Structure北大核心CSSCISSCI

Recent years have witnessedsignificant changes in the Asia-Pacific regionalstructure featuring the shift in power balance among related countries as well as adjust-ments in their respective regional strategies. So what is the prevailing trend in thistransformation and what kind of regional order will likely emerge in the future？ To an-swer these questions, the paper tries to explore the following dimensions： the evolvingregional context, shift in power balance and power conversion, geo-political and geo-e-conomic developments and interactions between them, and evolving regional order. Asthe study shows, the broadening of regional geographical scope, the rise in the numberof actors involved, as well as changesin the relations among them, have combined tocast a pluralistic and complex flavor to the regional structure. While the power balanceamong China, the United States and Japan shifts, and power conversion is also occur-ring. China and Japan are paying increasing attention to their security roles, whereasthe United States under the Obama administration laid more stress on expanding itsgeo-economic clout. In spite of the intensifying geopolitical competition among China,the United States and Japan in recent years, a Sino-US strategic compromise-whichholds the key to regional geopolitics-isother front, some kind of geo-economicmore likely to take place in the future. On thecooperation will probably emerge. In the longerterm, it will be the geo-economic trend thatwill prevail over the geopolitical trend inthe region. Finally, the future evolution of regional order wiI1 mainly follow the eco-nomic logic, accompanied by the dilutionof its hegemonic and hierarchical nature.Hence, a pluralistic and complex regional community will emerge.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上，尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能，资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标，以求真实反映银行经营的成果，有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系，从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

Organization and incentives in the age of sail

The British Navy in the age of sail was the most successful bureaucracy of its time. Its organization and incentive structures differed importantly from contemporaneous private sailing ventures, but closely resembled those of today’s large corporations. To induce efficient effort, the navy used a hierarchical tournament, in which sailors competed for higher pay that came with promotions based on relative performance. Promotion probabilities, the option value of future promotions, and the higher effort required of men in higher ranks and on larger vessels, combined to yield a highly skewed pay structure.     

The German Hanse and Bergen – new perspectives on an old subject

Abstract

The Hanseatic League and her kontors (trading posts) were an integral part of the medieval trade system in Northern Europe. Hanse merchants dominated many markets in this region and managed to maintain a monopoly-like role in towns like Novgorod and Bergen for many centuries. Consequently, one focus of historical research about the Hanseatic League lay on the mechanisms that enabled the Hanse merchants to keep that strong of a position for such a long time.

This article is part of the discussion about this topic. Based on Lübeck merchants with business interest in the Norwegian town of Bergen, the so-called Bergenfahrers (Bergen travellers), it will give new insights into the Hansards' economical and social organization. The three main points are (a) the integration of the Bergen market in the Hanseatic trade network as an intermediary trading place on the vivid East–West route of Hanse trade; (b) the importance of the Bergenfahrers within the Hanse merchants' economical, social and political networks; and (c) the structure of the Bergenfahrers network patterns in the late Middle Ages.

In addition to new insights into the important role of Bergen and the Bergenfahrers within Lübeck's and the other Wendish Hanse towns' trading system, this articles provides further proof for the usefulness of the methods of Social Network Analysis in medieval economic research.     

Financial Reporting and Trade Credit: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption*

We investigate the effect of mandatory IFRS adoption on trade credit. We document that firms in countries that adopt IFRS receive more trade credit from their suppliers, consistent with improved financial reporting quality and comparability playing a role in facilitating informal financing. This increase is larger for countries with a low level of societal trust, a poor pre‐IFRS‐adoption information environment, and stronger legal enforcement. These cross‐sectional results suggest that the conditions under which higher‐quality information is made publicly available affect suppliers' decisions to provide trade credit. This increase is also larger for firms with greater exposure to foreign markets, a finding that highlights the importance of more comparable international financial reporting standards in facilitating cross‐country trade credit. We also find that IFRS adoption has a stronger positive effect on trade credit for firms with greater liquidity needs. Finally, we find that firms in countries that adopt IFRS also extend more trade credit to their customers. Overall, our results support the notion that financial reporting can have a causal effect on trade credit.