Accountancy on the periphery: the profession in Exeter to 1939

This paper presents an historical case study of the accountancy profession in the English cathedral city and county town of Exeter. Inter alia, it examines the idea that the formation of professional accountancy bodies served not only to enhance the collective economic status and social mobility of their members but also, in the case of a city like Exeter located on the periphery of the UK, to enhance their geographical mobility. The emphases of the paper are on the growth in the numbers of accountants, migration of accountants (both within the UK and overseas), and the overlapping 'jurisdictions' of accountants with other professions. Exeter's experience is compared and contrasted with that of the UK as a whole and suggestions are made for further research. The paper includes data on professional accountants qualifying in and/or working in Exeter from the late 1870s to the outbreak of the World War II in 1939.     

The Development of Accountancy Links in the Commonwealth

This paper has been produced as part of a larger study financed by the Social Science Research Council on the nature and significance of professional links in the Commonwealth.     

The Use of Computers in Accountancy Courses: A New Perspective

Bhaskar (1982, 1983) proposed a list of 26 topics, classified under three categories (computer science, computer as a computational tool, computer-aided instruction), for the use of computers in accountancy courses. This scheme is argued to be confusing, as some topics are classified wrongly, and is replaced by a new seven-category scheme. Among other things, computer-aided instruction is found to have doubtful value as judged from the collected experimental evidences. An important question is raised as to the necessity and desirability of the use of computers in accountancy courses. It is argued that not all topics proposed by Bhaskar are absolutely necessary, and that his list contains disturbing omissions and unrealistic expectations of accounting students' time. A new list of necessary computing topics is proposed. Each topic requires 2–3 hours of terminal time during a supervised laboratory session, and can be incorporated easily into existing accounting curricula. It is felt that a postgraduate diploma should be introduced for accounting graduates to cover the ever expanding fields of computer science, artificial intelligence, information systems, and their utilisation in accountancy. Finally, in the light of the Japanese fifth generation project, it is argued that the computer should be viewed as the accountant's intelligent assistant rather than merely as a computational tool.     

谨慎性原则的会计运用状况研究

在市场经济条件下，由于竞争和风险的加剧，会计所处的经济环境的不确定性程度越来越高，从而谨慎性原则的应用成为必然，在我国新颁布的企业会计制度和具体会计准则中，谨慎性原则得到了进一步的体现，但谨慎性原则本身存在的局限性使得其如何运用成为一个需要探讨的问题。     

堵截电信诈骗维护客户利益

2012年9月9日,工商银行承德县支行员工凭借着高度的责任感和职业敏锐性,成功堵截一起电信诈骗案件,及时帮助客户挽回资金损失1．3万元,得到了客户高度认可和好评,并于12日送来“尽职尽责维护储户权益”的锦旗表示感谢。     

会计与资产评估在企业资产计价中的异同分析

资产评估与财务会计是既有联系又相互区别的两个学科,两者的联系源于历史的原因.在资产计价中,两者有着不同的计价方式和计价标准.在制定相关法规政策时应充分注意两者的区别.     

The advantages of separateness explaining the unusual profession-university link in English Chartered Accountancy

Within the sociology of the professions, the link between the professions and the universities has come to be seen as natural and ineluctable because of their common association with knowledge [Abbott A. The System of Professions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL; 1988]. There is a consensus in the literature that the link brings all round benefit to a professional occupation and that the active pursuit of such a link is an important component of the professionalization process. England's largest and most prestigious accountancy body – the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales – however stands out as an empirical anomaly in that it has not developed its training, education or certification within the university sector. In this paper we suggest that, although not fulfilling many of the roles traditionally attributed to the university in professional life, the university in general and academic departments of accounting in particular have played a number of crucial roles in establishing and reinforcing the high status of ICAEW members. This unique and arguably anomalous relationship, we argue, has contributed to the success of ICAEW members when competing with related and rival occupational groups both for jurisdictions and for new recruits. In turn, accounting academia in England has derived a number of unique benefits.     

The Responses of Interest Rate Spreads to Information Releases

This study examines the responses of three popular futures interest-rate spreads--the MOB (Municipals over Treasury bonds), the NOB (Notes over Treasury bonds), and the TED (Treasury Bills over Eurodollars) to macroeconomic news. We find responses to differ across the three spreads. The most pronounced responses are displayed by the MOB, followed by the NOB and the TED. We also find that the spreads take time to adjust to news in the announcements.     

证券区块链的应用探索、问题挑战与监管对策

区块链作为一种新型互联网技术,契合证券市场的发展需要,在证券发行、登记托管、清算交收等方面具有发展空间。目前,证券区块链在发展路径、具体应用、监管对策等方面仍处于探索初期,尚无成熟的路线图。证券区块链本质属于金融,需要防范金融风险。本文建议通过吸收行业智慧加强顶层设计,借鉴"监管沙盒"模式支持创新,建立负面清单制度划出监管底线,提高监管适应性,健全功能监管体系,处理好传统中介机构与区块链服务的关系等措施,促进区块链在证券市场的健康发展。     

Stock Market Participation: Family Responses to Housing Consumption Commitments

As of 2007, many households had taken on very substantial commitments to housing and companion mortgage payments. At the same time they held little in the way of a traditional buffer stock of safer liquid assets but were more likely to have opened stock market accounts. Many of these families when experiencing subsequent mortgage payment difficulties are shown to have been more likely to exit the stock market. Mortgage difficulties also inhibited families from becoming new stock market participants. In this way stocks seem to have likely experienced some direct and indirect “collateral damage” from the housing market, 2007–9.     

Strategic Responses to Bank Regulation: Evidence From HMDA Data

The intent of fair lending regulation is to encourage loans in low-income areas and ensure that loan decisions are based on economic criteria instead of noneconomic borrower characteristics. We evaluate situations in which banks may find it in their self interest to respond to regulation in a strategic manner intended to improve public relations and appease regulators rather than to adhere to the true spirit of the regulation. We find some evidence consistent with such behavior.     

Communists Among Us in a Market Economy: Accountancy in the People's Republic of China

China is undergoing a unique experience. Its strategy to move the country to a market economy is based on “marketization” instead of “privatization.” The state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are intended to continue to be the mainstay of the economy. The recent accounting reform, a 16-point economic stabilization policy, and the decision to maintain the dominance of the SOEs were all promulgated in the same month. To put the recent accounting reform in perspective, four stages in the development of accounting theory since the Communist Revolution are identified. The first stage is Mao Tse-Tung's initial society, where the control function of accounting, in its narrowest sense, was emphasized. The Counter Revolution with the Post-Revisionist Era relaxed, at the macroeconomic level, the notion of control. The third stage of opening up the Chinese economy to outside capital combines allocative techniques, albeit limited, with Western accounting concepts, all blended with Chinese cultural values. The current stage of macroeconomic liberalization of state enterprises, which accompanied a major macroeconomic stabilization program, is a result of a number of demonstration effects that has further exposed the Chinese economy to various outside factors. Accordingly, such recent accounting reform introduces the concept of equity capital, provides a relatively sharper distinction between product cost and period cost, realistically incorporates the capital maintenance concept and allows a limited number of Westernized accounting standards, mostly adapted to accommodate traditional Chinese values. Accounting forms an indispensable component of an overall economic policy.     

Agriculture in the Uruguay Round: Interests of Developing Countries

Agriculture has been favored and protected in developed countrieswhile trade policies in developing countries frequently supportindustry at the expense of exportables and unprotected importablesin agriculture. This protection constrains expansion of temperateand subtropical agricultural exports from developing countries.Several studies have estimated the effects of liberalizationof trade restrictions on world prices, export earnings, andimport costs. While developing countries generally would benefitfrom having the agricultural policies of the most powerful countriesbound by international rules on trade, there are differencesamong the developing countries as to which products should beliberalized. Even if such conflicts did not exist, politicallyfeasible means to obtain such compliance are elusive. The potentiallymost feasible approaches for developing countries to obtainsome measure of liberalization in the Uruguay Round of tradenegotiations are discussed.     

The Challenge of Risk Reporting: Regulatory and Corporate Responses

Corporate collapses such as those of Ansett Australia, Centaur Mining, Enron, HIH and One. Tel have rekindled regulators' concerns about the lack of transparency in financial reporting on risks and uncertainties. This paper examines the broad conceptual issues and regulatory responses so far in leading jurisdictions and investigates risk reporting of Australian entities operating in the mining sector. The limited and uneven level of reporting on risk found, in this study, if replicated in other industries and jurisdictions, provides justification for standard-setters considering more explicit requirements than the existing piecemeal rules of restricted scope.     

Report: Performance Management—The Key to Higher Standards in Schools?

The object of this article is to make a critical review of a series of official documents which have emanated from the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE), since the Labour Government came to office in 1997, on performance management in schools. This technique is seen by the Government as crucial in improving standards in schools. The key documents are shown in the list of references at the end of the article, and our review is divided into two parts: the first considers the defining features of performance management in schools and the role which the Government sees it playing in improving standards; the second part explores some key tensions in the performance management framework.