Econometric estimation of PCAIDS models

This paper presents a version of the proportionally calibrated almost ideal demand system (PCAIDS) model, useful for merger simulations, which can be econometrically estimated using price data for two firms in a market. PCAIDS is therefore seen as a set of restrictions to be imposed in an econometric estimation, and not only as a pure calibration method. The proposed model is applied to a database of the Argentine gasoline market, and its results are compared to the ones obtained with other alternative specifications.

Econometric policy evaluation and expectations

Recently large-scale econometric models have been criticized as inappropriate tools for policy evaluation. One critical point often mentioned is the way expectations are formed. This paper shows that the way the process of expectations formation is considered does not play a crucial role. Instead, the ability to model agents' reactions to changes in policy is the essence of the critique. As long as government behaviour is sufficiently accessible in the model, applied econometrics may still use large-scale systems for which rational expectations solutions would be troublesome if not impossible to reach.     

An Econometric analysis of IBRD creditworthiness

This paper finds that one can econometrically ascertain the determinants of default to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) through panel logit analysis. Creditworthiness is found to be determined by political and external factors in addition to economic variables. Default to the IBRD is seen to fall into a graduated hierarchy of default, whereby default occurs first to Paris Club and Commercial Bank creditors, with subsequent default to the IBRD being triggered by a high proportion of IBRD and short-term debt in the portfolio and other economic and political factors.     

计量经济学方法之时间序列分析

本文介绍了一元时间序列分析中常用的AR、MA、ARMA和ARIMA等经典模型,分析了这几个经典模型的理论要点以及单位根检验的方法和程序,总结了时间序列分析在预测等方面的优势及其在复杂科学管理中的应用,并以我国一月期国债回购利率和上证180月收益率为分析对象,介绍了一元线性回归分析的基本步骤。     

Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator

This paper develops the method of matching as an econometric evaluation estimator. A rigorous distribution theory for kernel-based matching is presented. The method of matching is extended to more general conditions than the ones assumed in the statistical literature on the topic. We focus on the method of propensity score matching and show that it is not necessarily better, in the sense of reducing the variance of the resulting estimator, to use the propensity score method even if propensity score is known. We extend the statistical literature on the propensity score by considering the case when it is estimated both parametrically and nonparametrically. We examine the benefits of separability and exclusion restrictions in improving the efficiency of the estimator. Our methods also apply to the econometric selection bias estimator.     

Econometric models with normal polychotomous selectivity

The polychotomous extension of the selectivity model of Heckman (1976) is derived. Unlike similar models proposed by Hay (1980) and Lee (1983), this generalization maintains the assumption of joint normality among the errors. In light of recent advances in the theory and estimation of the multinomial probit model, the present derivation is offered as an important first step toward the true generalization of the Heckman estimator.     

Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications

This article considers the consequences of explicitly allowing for stochastic technological progress and stochastic labor input in the discrete-time Solow-Swan and AK growth models. It shows that the capital-output ratio, but not output per capita, is ergodic irrespective of whether there is a unit root in technology, and thus is the more appropriate measure to use in the cross-sectional analysis of the growth process. Furthermore, the article derives the cross-sectional and time-series implications of the stochastic Solow-Swan model and contrasts these to those of its deterministic counterpart. Among these implications are that the mean of the capital-output ratio depends in a precise way not only on the saving rate and the growth rate of labor input, but also on the variance and higher-order cumulants of the capital-output ratio. Using the Summers-Heston data for seventy-two countries from 1960 to 1992, strong support is found for the predictions of the stochastic Solow-Swan model as compared to those of its deterministic counterpart (as well as those of the AK model), including a significant negative cross-sectional relationship between the mean and the variance of the capital-output ratio.     

中国区域碳排放空间计量研究

如何从空间视角实现经济发展与碳减排双赢,是建设“美国中国”的重要推手,也是生态文明建设的必然要求。基于STIRPAT模型,从区域层面构建碳排放驱动因素扩展STIRPAT模型,并运用空间杜宾模型实证考察各驱动因素对碳排放规模和碳排放强度的影响。结果显示：地区间碳排放存在显著的示范和带头作用,驱动因素通过直接和间接途径影响碳排放,除能源价格外,其他影响因素均表现出显著性。因此,实现碳减排需要充分考虑空间相关性、异质性和外溢性,稳步推进城镇化进程,加大技术创新步伐,优化产业结构升级和能源消费结构,适度提高能源价格,在扩大对外开放的同时加大对外商投资的甄别。     

计量经济学应用研究的可信性革命

可信性是计量经济学应用研究的重要问题,其核心在于实现经济理论、统计学、数学在实证研究中的科学结合。本文基于国际计量经济学界对可信性问题的三次大讨论取得的重要进展,厘清了计量经济学探索客观经济世界过程的本质特征;进而针对应用研究中存在的滥用和错用现象,从计量经济模型的随机性设定、经济变量之间的因果关系识别以及模型的统计适切性评价等三个方面阐述计量经济学应用研究的可靠性来源。我国计量经济学的应用研究面临进一步提高可信性的重要问题,需要全面吸收和借鉴国际计量经济学界对于可信性问题的成果,改变研究模式和教学模式。     

盈余管理的计量模型研究综述

目前存在三类盈余管理计量模型：(1)总应计利润模型；(2)具体应计利润模型；(3)盈余及应计利润分布模型。本文对这三类模型进行了分析和研究,指出当前的盈余管理计量模型还存在许多问题,尤其是在研究处于转轨经济时期的中国盈余管理问题时。同时,提出发展一种更有效的计量盈余管理模型仍然是业界重要的工作。     

Short Term Econometric Forecasting and Seasonal Adjustment

Seasonal behaviour in the variables of an econometric model is usually handled in one of two ways—either the data are adjusted prior to estimation, or seasonal binary variables are included in the specification and estimation of the model. Although the literature on the subject is extensive, it is not obvious which of these procedures is best for forecasting. This paper compares the forecasting ability of a small model of the Australian economy for each of the alternative approaches to seasonal adjustment.     

Econometric modelling in the presence of evolutionary change

A methodology is offered which can be used to construct an econometricmodel in the presence of structural change of an evolutionarytype. The theoretical basis for such modelling is drawn fromthe self-organisation approach and operationalised in the contextof the logistic diffusion growth model. The latter is augmentedto allow for the impact of exogenous effects upon both the diffusionrate and boundary limit. We show how the hypothesis of augmentedlogistic diffusion can be falsified using econometric methods.An illustrative case study is used, namely the growth and declineof Australian Building Society Deposits. With the aid of thisexample, it is shown how the approach could be of use to botheconomic forecasters and regulators in conditions of structuralchange where conventional econometric methods are often inappropriate.     

The Implications for Econometric Modelling of Forecast Failure

To reconcile forecast failure with building congruent empirical models, we analyze the sources of mis-prediction. This reveals that ex ante forecast failure is purely a function of forecast-period events, not determinable from in-sample information. The primary causes are unmodelled shifts in deterministic factors, rather than model mis-specification, collinearity, or a lack of parsimony. We examine the effects of deterministic breaks on equilibrium-correction mechanisms, and consider the role of causal variables. Throughout, Monte Carlo simulation and empirical models illustrate the analysis, and support a progressive research strategy based on learning from past failures.