“疑似过热”的经济高增长

与以往经济过热的症状截然不同,本轮经济快速增长主要由外部需求推动,物价总水平仍处于低位,表明总需求并未严重超过总供给     

中国外汇储备增长是否影响消费价格的实证研究

本文在系统考虑影响中国居民消费价格因素的基础上,建立了消费价格增长的协整模型。实证结果表明:外汇储备增长对消费价格上升没有显著影响,影响价格上升的显著变量是工资收入和信贷规模。要控制物价的快速上涨,近期应落实宏观调控措施,适度收缩信贷规模,控制经济过热增长。     

中国外汇储备增长是否影响消费价格的实证研究

本文在系统考虑影响中国居民消费价格因素的基础上,建立了消费价格增长的协整模型。实证结果表明:外汇储备增长对消费价格上升没有显著影响,影响价格上升的显著变量是工资收入和信贷规模。要控制物价的快速上涨,近期应落实宏观调控措施,适度收缩信贷规模,控制经济过热增长。     

经济运行加快 通胀预期增强——江苏省2007年二季度企业家、银行家、居民问卷调查综合分析

二季度,江苏省银行家、企业家和居民问卷调查汇总分析表明:宏观经济运行偏热趋势再次显现,产出增长、固定资产投资与贷款需求的景气指数显著上升,超过了2004年经济过热时期水平,企业家、银行家的加息预期增强;企业家、居民和银行家通胀预期增强;居民金融投资热情和购房意愿提高,金融资产结构快速调整,对银行储蓄存款     

关于物价变动情况的分析

从2003年开始，我国部分商品的物价有了一定程度的上扬，各方面统计数字也显示居民消费物价指数(CPI)比去年同期有所增长。2004年以来，物价继续呈接上涨趋势。面对这种状况，有些人认为存在局部的经济过热，面临通货膨胀压力；有些人认为目前的物价上涨是暂时的，不会导致物价的全面上涨和通货膨胀；我们认为尽管市场价格今年内仍会有进一步上升的压力，但价格上涨的结构性特点和宏观调控的预期效果决定了引发严重通货膨胀的可能性较小，我们更应关注的是物价上涨背后反映的制度问题：粮食种植的弱势保护、地方政府追求政绩下的投资冲动、土地的稀缺性和批租的低成本、商业银行经营的内在需求等等。     

宏观经济运行中阶段性泡沫问题分析

有关宏观经济过热问题的讨论,起初存在争议的焦点在于对经济过热的判定标准。判断经济过热的学者认为主要能源原材料价格高涨供不应求无法支撑经济高速增长,相关企业决策者短期行为严重造成钢铁、水泥、电解铝等一些行业投资过度增长超过未来需求,如果不能达到未来预期收益就有可能通过信用链条引起经济波动;判断经济并未过热的学者认为对原材料的需求、投资快速增长都是一种市场行为,并且属于有效需求,应该遵循市场规律,让市场自行调节供需矛盾,政府不应该进行干预,以免阻碍中国经济来之不易的增长势头。     

中国房地产价格与通货膨胀关系研究

本文通过分析房价和物价(CPI)相互影响的直接、间接和预期三个渠道,运用计量方法对房价与物价相互影响作了实证研究。结果显示:在全国层面上,房地产价格与通货膨胀预期互为Granger原因,并且房地产价格领先于CPI;在地方层面上,地方房地产价格均显著地是CPI的Granger原因,房地产市场价格波动对CPI的影响显著且影响时间较长。另外,研究表明通货膨胀预期领先于CPI,并且房地产价格对通货膨胀预期冲击的持续性长于CPI;而通货膨胀预期对房地产价格波动的解释能力高于CPI,这表明中央银行控制通货膨胀预期对于稳定房地产市场和实际通货膨胀具有重要作用。     

通胀预期与物价变化关系实证研究

本文分析了通胀预期的表现形式,重点探讨了通胀预期与物价变化的关系。研究结果显示,通胀预期对不同种类的价格影响程度是不同的,对消费品价格变化影响较小,CPI对通胀预期缺乏敏感;对企业生产品价格影响程度远大于对消费品价格的影响。     

人民币汇率变动对CPI的传递效应和传导机制研究

通过构建包含消费者价格指数、人民币名义有效汇率、国际石油价格、货币供应量和国房景气指数5个变量的SVAR模型并进行脉冲响应函数分析和方差分解,分析了人民币汇率变动对于CPI的传递效应和传导机制,并通过引入2015年8月11日新汇改虚拟变量,对模型的稳健性进行了检验。研究结论指出人民币汇率变动对于物价的传递效应较小,当人民币贬值时,短期内在预期机制与短期资产价格机制的作用下,物价呈下降趋势,长期内,在长期资产价格机制的作用下,物价会呈现上升趋势,并且"8·11"汇改后引起的人民币贬值并没有对传递效应带来显著影响,并提出了相应的结论与政策建议。     

房价是物价的重要推手

2010年年初,研究机构的一致判断是2010年中国物价的形态是中间高两头低,但实际运行情况是一路上涨,尤其是从8月份之后,物价上涨的趋势逐渐加强,11月份的CPI涨幅超过了5%。但很多分析将物价的超预期归结为农产品的价格上涨,并进一步将农产品的价格上涨归结为恶劣的天气。换句话说,恶劣的天气过程结束后,农产品价格就会回到正常的水平,一切回到正常的轨道。如果上述分析正确,则治理当前的物价上涨就不应该使用货币政策,应该使用财政政策,通过增加对农业的投入来     

从企业通胀预期看资产价格对物价水平的影响——基准模型与中国借鉴

企业作为市场经济的重要参与主体,其行为对物价水平有着显著影响,而受资产价格影响的企业通货膨胀预期是重要因素之一。综合运用理论分析与数理分析,对传导渠道进行研究发现：资产价格通过现有物价水平、企业对未来影响物价水平因素以及发生财务危机的预期使企业通货膨胀预期发生更大幅度的同向变化,进而使总需求正向变化,总供给负向变化,从而对物价水平产生正向的影响,且这种影响在发达国家更为明显。     

What is going on in the oil market?

Conclusion In this article, we propose a consistent view on the recent oil-price history based on fundamental data and economic theory. We sum up: After the turn of the century three major stylized shocks have hit market. First, the demand curve has shifted fight outwards, mainly driven, as extensively reported in the media, by sustained growth in China and other Asian Countries. Second, supply disruptions in countries with low extraction costs (Iraq and Venezuela) have shifted the supply curve to the left. Third, we show that speculators adjust their inventories in order to take advantage of predictable price fluctuations and play themselves a major role in the price formation. Optimal storage theory implies that aggregate inventories are negatively related to the oil price and positively to the volatility of supply and demand shocks. We provide evidence that the political events in the last years have increased volatility and induced the inventory curve to shift right outwards. We analyze in a graphical framework the interaction of all these shocks and conclude that speculators have caused the oil price to overshoot in the short run its long-run fundamental value. However, this is not at all attributable to market failure or the harmfulness of speculators. In fact, the opposite is true. Speculators have in general a dampening effect on the oil price. The record oil price in the very recent history is partly a consequence of speculators maintaining or building-up inventories to cope with the supply and demand shocks to come. Hence, high prices represent a short-term toll for future price stability. It follows from our analysis that the oil price is expected to fall towards its long-term mean, provided that no further shocks hit the economy and, critically, the oil supply. As we saw, this prediction is consistent with the observed prices in the futures markets. Also in terms of future price volatility, the outlook is rather upbeat. The increased inventory levels held by speculators will cushion the spot market against fluctuations in natural supply and demand and limit the degree to which the currently high underlying volatility will translate into higher price volatility. We would like to thank Manuel Ammann, Bernd Brommundt, Stephan Kessler, Ralf Seiz, Michael Verhofen, Hemrich von Wyss, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments We are particularly indebted to Sergej Peisotchenko at United Energy System (UES) of Russia and Jan Gjerde at Shell for clearing us up on technical aspects of oil production     

Dating,discounting, and the robustness of the Lucas-Sargent proposition

From recent work by Thomas Sargent and others, it has become well known that, if expectations are formed rationally, monetary stabilization policy will be entirely ineffective in an economy in which the aggregate supply function relates output (relative to capacity) to the difference between the current price level and the value expected one period earlier. This paper considers whether this neutrality proposition holds when the expectation of some future price is compared with the current actual price in the supply equation. It is shown that the proposition remains valid if the future price is appropriately discounted.     

Monetary policy for inattentive economies

We offer a contribution to the analysis of optimal monetary policy. We begin with a critical assessment of the existing literature, arguing that most work is based on implausible models of inflation-output dynamics. We then suggest that this problem may be solved with some recent behavioral models, which assume that price setters are slow to incorporate macroeconomic information into the prices they set. A specific such model is developed and used to derive optimal policy. In response to shocks to productivity and aggregate demand, optimal policy is price level targeting. Base drift in the price level, which is implicit in the inflation targeting regimes currently used in many central banks, is not desirable in this model. When shocks to desired markups are added, optimal policy is flexible targeting of the price level. That is, the central bank should allow the price level to deviate from its target for a while in response to these supply shocks, but it should eventually return the price level to its target path. Optimal policy can also be described as an elastic price standard: the central bank allows the price level to deviate from its target when output is expected to deviate from its natural rate.     

Short-sellers: Informed but restricted

According to theory, the level of short-selling can predict short-run future returns through two channels. One channel relates to the demand-side of the stock lending market: short-sellers are informed. The other channel relates to the supply-side: short-sellers are restricted. Measuring the importance of each channel is empirically challenging when, in general, supply and demand in the stock lending market are not directly observable. This paper takes advantage of a unique dataset that contains actual shifts in lending supply of stocks on the Brazilian market and proposes an identification strategy for the effects of both supply and demand on stock prices. We find that both channels are important.     

Rational expectations and the role of monetary policy: A generalization

This paper investigates the effects of introducing the following two alterations into a multimarket, partial information, rational expectations model; (1) individuals in any market may sample currently more prices than just the current price on their own market; (2) they choose the amount of their current information so as to minimize the sum of the costs of getting information and of being off their full information demand and supply curves. Under those circumstances any change in the variance of aggregate excess demand shocks (whether caused by real or monetary elements) affects the equilibrium level of information in the economy, in addition to its other direct effects previously recognized in the literature. Among the issues dealt with are the implications of these alterations for the following: (1) the Lucas hypothesis on the slope of the Phillips curve; (2) the optimal monetary variance and the optimal money feedback rule; (3) the effect of the level of information and of aggregate variance on the distribution of relative prices and related issues.     

土地资产价格波动与经济中的流动性供给——基于以地融资视角的研究

本文通过构建理论模型探讨土地资产价格波动与流动性供给之间的关系。在本文模型中,土地兼具生产资本与抵押资产属性,银行贷款同时受到投资需求、抵押品价值与信贷额度的约束。本文主要结论是:(1)土地资产价格在低于一个由基础货币供给决定的临界值后,能影响企业的抵押品价值并反映投资需求变化,故而与存款货币流动性供给正相关。这也使土地资产价格变化与企业杠杆周期一致且具有“预期自我实现”特征。(2)基础货币供给能够通过影响土地的流动性价值的方式来引导土地资产价格,前提是央行可掌握土地资产价格外生变化的原因。(3)信贷资产证券化会提高存款货币供给与土地价格的关联度,但也会削弱基础货币供给对土地价格的引导能力。本文的研究有助于认识土地资产价格与货币政策效果以及系统性金融风险的关联机制,为房地产调控政策提供启示。     

How do oil supply and demand shocks affect Asian stock markets?

This paper examines how oil market shocks affect Asian stock prices using the structural vector autoregression (VAR) approach. Global oil supply and demand shocks are disentangled using sign restrictions and elasticity bounds. Oil price increases are bad news only if the source is from oil-market-specific demand shifts. Northeast Asian stock markets are more resilient as investors’ expectation of continued economic growth outweighs the adverse effect of higher oil prices. Increased global economic activity also stimulates stock prices. Global oil shocks are more important in explaining variability in Asian stock returns compared with the United States, suggesting different dynamics in Asia.     

人民币汇率波动对我国出口价格传递效应分析

汇率传递效应不仅影响国内总需求与总供给的均衡．而且还会影响国内货币政策实施的有效性。人民币汇率变动对我国进口价格及其他价格水平的传递程度是决定汇率调节我国贸易收支以及稳定国内物价水平的一个关键因素。本文的目的在于运用协整等方法分析人民币汇率变动对我国出口价格水平的影响,研究结果表明：无论长期内还是短期内,进出口价格对汇率波动的反应都较为敏感,不完全汇率的传递广泛存在于中国的出口企业。     

Stock Market Efficiency and Economic Efficiency: Is There a Connection?

In a capitalist economy, prices serve to equilibrate supply and demand for goods and services, continually changing to reallocate resources to their most efficient uses. However, secondary stock market prices, often viewed as the most “informationally efficient” prices in the economy, have no direct role in the allocation of equity capital since managers have discretion in determining the level of investment. What is the link between stock price informational efficiency and economic efficiency? We present a model of the stock market in which: (i) managers have discretion in making investments and must be given the right incentives; and (ii) stock market traders may have important information that managers do not have about the value of prospective investment opportunities. In equilibrium, information in stock prices will guide investment decisions because managers will be compensated based on informative stock prices in the future. The stock market indirectly guides investment by transferring two kinds of information: information about investment opportunities and information about managers' past decisions. However, because this role is only indirect, the link between price efficiency and economic efficiency is tenuous. We show that stock price efficiency is not sufficient for economic efficiency by showing that the model may have another equilibrium in which prices are strong-form efficient, but investment decisions are suboptimal. We also suggest that stock market efficiency is not necessary for investment efficiency by considering a banking system that can serve as an alternative institution for the efficient allocation of investment resources.