额济纳的的胡杨林

不得不承认,如今去内蒙古额济纳旗看胡杨林,也成了一大俗事.网络上流行这样一句话：如果爱一个人,就带她去看额济纳旗的秋天,因为那里的大漠胡杨就是天堂.     

警察权的性质的反思

目前学术界一直存在着有关警察权的性质争论．警察权的定位较为模糊,由于警察权对于警务人员执行职务时所秉持的职业理念有重要影响,因此有必要对警察权的性质问题进行探讨。     

核心的还是综合的

产品、服务和生活方式的重要创新主体之一是企业.企业能够在集成理念、资本、创意和技术之后而产生新的生活方式.随着时代的变迁,企业竞争力的转型就成了人们关注的焦点.关于竞争力,一直存在着"核心力"和"综合力"两种理论.     

八佰伴企业形象的的塑造

无锡八佰伴是无锡市第一家流通领域中的合资企业。于1996年7月10日正式开业,面对疲弱的市场,他们除了对商品进行全方位的正确定位外,还注重企业形象的塑造。     

论刑讯逼供的的根源——沉默权的缺失

<刑法>明确规定了刑讯逼供罪,而司法实践中刑讯逼供现象却屡禁不止,其原因是多种多样的,但究其根源应是抗衡机制的缺陷--沉默权的缺失.唯有确立沉默权,才能从根本上遏制现实中刑讯逼供的发生.     

持续的物价上涨的原因及其带来的影响

2007年下半年开始,我国物价的飞速上涨成为我国经济生活中最热门的话题,它不仅牵动着亿万消费者的心,同时也受到了党中央和国务院的高度重视,对物价上涨原因及其带来影响的研究对我国经济的积极健康发展都有十分重要的意义.     

韩国的产业结构的发展及存在的问题

韩国产业结构历经了七个发展阶段,分别是战争萧条阶段、经济恢复阶段、工业起步阶段、资本密集型重化工业发展阶段、发展技术密集型产业阶段、向后工业化过渡时期、金融危机后经济复苏阶段,经过这些发展阶段逐步形成了现在的韩国产业结构,但是仍有一些问题制约着韩国产业结构的优化与升级,不利于韩国经济的发展。本文首先对韩国产业结构的演进历程进行分析、进而阐述了韩国产业结构所存在的缺陷与问题,由此对中国产业结构的发展提出了一些建议。     

警察权的性质的反思

目前学术界一直存在着有关警察权的性质争论.警察权的定位较为模糊,由于警察权对于警务人员执行职务时所秉持的职业理念有重要影响,因此有必要对警察权的性质问题进行探讨.     

词的理据的模糊性

从历时的角度来看,语言是不断发展的,词义的变化使一些词的理据模糊。在现代英语中有些词甚至变成无理据或者难以找出理据。从共时角度来看,词的理据在跨文化交际中有时也会变得模糊。对理据的模糊性这一语言现象的探讨,使我们体会到语言是在特定的历史、社会、文化的背景中不断发展的;要避免模糊理据的干扰,准确把握词的意义。     

The Evolution of the Use of Space：Lessons from Beijing

Specific changes in land use can, and often do, occur when any social economic system moves from one form to another. When traditional societies transit from traditional land uses to philosophically determined land uses, as in the case of the introduction of sooialism or the transition from system of planned economy to a market system, such changes seem concentrated and perhaps exacerbated. Certainly, such circumstances provide the opportunity to see the process of social philosophy and its impact upon land use in a telescoped fashion. The discovery and explanation of these elements might provide some insight into basic human behavior, and its relationship to social controt and how people organize space both with and without control. This paper presents the results of observations of changes in land use as they have occurred during the course of transitional economic development in Beijing, China for the past decade, it suggests three new generic categories that can be applied to any culture or society.     

土地可持续利用的生态经济规划

生态经济规划是实现土地可持续利用的客观要求,有别于传统规划模式。它把土地生态经济系统作为自己的规划对象,把实现土地可持续利用作为规划目标,生态经济平衡是土地可持续利用规划的前提条件,通过有效的生态经济规划,在保证生态安全性和经济有效性的前提下,使土地利用程度与其生态经济阈值相协调,实现土地利用生态目标和经济目标的协调统一。土地可持续利用的生态经济规划就是在保持土地生态经济系统平衡的前提下,使生态、经济和社会三效益得到同步提高。     

土地可持续利用决策模式及基本原则初探

土地可持续利用是实现我国可持续发展战略目标的根本保证，其决策行为必须适应可持续发展的要求。本文针对传统的土地利用决策观念与可持续发展要求之间的矛盾，结合决策学理论和可持续发展准则，对土地可持续利用决策模式及基本原则进行了初步探讨。     

城市土地利用政策——以香港、深圳为例

土地作为城市的基本构成要素,是城市发展的重要载体。土地利用政策决定着城市土地利用的动态变化。同时该政策的制定又受到社会发展阶段、经济水平等其他因素的影响。研究中国深圳特区和香港两个国际化大都市在不同的发展历程下城市土地利用政策的变化。对于其他城市的发展具有借鉴意义。文章对两座城市所经历的土地利用政策进行深刻剖析．结果发现香港占总面积24％的建成区（住宅区占总面积的7％）容纳了700多万的居住人口,并且人均生产总值30041．43美元。其郊野面积及非建筑占总面积的76％。这样高密度、高效率同时又为城市的可持续发展保留大量的有待开发的土地资源,其城市土地利用政策,值得世界其他城市借鉴。而深圳作为中国改革开放城市发展的成功典范,到2009年,其建设土地占特区总面积的32．8％,容纳了超过331万居住人口．其人均生产总值19760．80美元。说明深圳特区的土地利用的经济效益远远达不到香港水平,城市建筑面积在短时间内的大肆扩张。也说明深圳经济的增长是以大量的土地投入作支撑。土地的空间利用效益不高,不利于城市的可持续发展。     

Predicting land use allocation in France: A spatial panel data analysis

Predictions of future land use areas are an important issue as land use patterns significantly impact environmental conditions (biodiversity, water pollution, soil erosion, and climate change) as well as economic and social welfare. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of aggregated land use share models, we propose in this paper a methodological contribution by controlling for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation. Our model is a land use shares model applied to aggregated data in France. Our dataset is a panel which covers both time series observations from 1992 to 2003 and cross-sectional observations by Département (equivalent to NUTS3 regions). We consider four land use classes: (1) agriculture, (2) forest, (3) urban and (4) other use. We investigate the relation between the areas in land in different alternative uses and economic and demographic factors influencing land use decisions. Based on the comparison of prediction accuracy of different model specifications, our findings are threefold: First, controlling for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation outperforms any other specification in which spatial autocorrelation and/or individual heterogeneity are ignored. Second, accounting for cross-equation correlations does not seem to improve the prediction performances and finally, ignoring individual heterogeneity introduces substantial loss in prediction accuracy.     

哈尔滨市所辖周边市县用地规模合理性的空间分异

判断和比较一定区域内各城市用地规模的合理性,并确定其空间分布,为制定区域社会经济发展战略提供重要依据和参考.文章以哈尔滨市周边10个市县为研究区域,从经济、社会和生态3个方面构建城市用地规模合理性的评价指标体系,运用熵值法,对2006年各市县用地规模的合理性进行定量计算和修正.结果表明:在经济、社会和生态相协调的总目标限定下,哈尔滨市周边市县用地规模合理性空间分布存在一定的差异.双城市、巴彦县用地规模的合理性较好,木兰县、通河县、延寿县用地规模的合理性较差,宾县、依兰县、方正县、尚志市、五常市的用地规模不合理.在对各市县的评价结果进行比较后提出了加强用地规模合理性的建议.     

The Economics of Forest Land Use in Temperate and Tropical Areas

This paper presents economic rules for harvest timing when timber and nontimber goods, services, and ecological functions are produced from forest stands. Forests include stands that are heterogeneous in age, land quality, and distance to market. Rules for allocating land between forest and nonforest use are developed. Key land use margins are identified that are important to land use allocation in temperate and tropical regions (e.g., between unmanaged forest, forest management, and forest conversion). Processes that can change key land use margins are discussed and used to organize recent empirical and theoretical studies of regions where forest land use is in transition, such as where forest land is being converted to alternative nonforest land uses.     

Integrating public demands into model-based design for multifunctional agriculture: An application to intensive Dutch dairy landscapes

The contribution of agriculture to the welfare of society is determined by its economic, social and environmental performance. Although theoretical discussions can be found in the literature, few reports exist that integrate the social demand for multifunctional agriculture in the evaluation of the sustainability and the global welfare of society. This paper presents a methodology that combines economic valuation, integrated modelling, stakeholder analysis, and multi-criteria evaluation. It consists of three steps to determine: (1) social demands for multifunctional agriculture; (2) feasible technical alternatives available from the supply part of the market; (3) the net utility of alternatives for society measured as the change in social net benefit, i.e. the sum of changes compared to the current situation expressed in utility of market and non-market net benefits. Market net benefits are represented by their monetary value. Quality Function Deployment combined with Analytic Network Process (QFD/ANP) were used to estimate the non-market net benefits. The methodology is applied to the case study of a dairy-farming based agricultural landscape in the Northern Friesian Woodlands, The Netherlands. Social net benefit depended on land use, i.e. pasture management regimes on each of the agricultural fields and on presence or absence of hedgerows around the fields. Changes in market net utility were expressed in terms of changes for farmers, consumers and government. Changes in non-market net utility were expressed in terms of changes in landscape quality, nature value and environmental health for Dutch society as a whole, as estimated from European public surveys (Eurobarometer). The complete solution space defined by the market and non-market net benefits of landscapes with alternative patterns of land use was estimated to offer insight in the trade-off between market and non-market performance and enable selection of ‘icon’ landscapes to target or avoid. Improvement of the current landscape towards the social optimum would involve changes in pasture management resulting in higher gross margin for farmers, slightly relaxing current environmental restrictions, which could be reached at lower levels of subsidies in agri-environmental programs. In addition to such overall optimum the results demonstrate the trade-off between market and non-market benefits and the characteristics of current, utopian and dystopian landscapes. The approach provides an alternative to current economic valuation methods which focus on assessment of economic value as an input to analysis. Here, economic value emerges as the trade-off between market and non-market functions which is an output of the analysis.     

Valuation of ecosystem services from rural landscapes using agricultural land prices

Agricultural lands, primarily managed for crops and livestock production, provide various ecosystem services (ES) to people. In theory, the economic value of the service flows that can be captured privately is capitalized into land prices. This study proposes an integrative framework to characterize the ecosystem services associated with agricultural lands. Using that framework, we demonstrate how hedonic analysis of agricultural land prices can be used to estimate the private values of land-based ES. The model is estimated with data from southwestern Michigan, USA. Results suggest that ES values are associated with lakes, rivers, wetlands, forests and conservation lands in rural landscapes. Ecosystem services that support direct use values, such as recreational and aesthetic services, are likely to be perceived by land owners and capitalized in land prices. Some regulating services that provide indirect use values may be partially capitalized in a land parcel's relationship to natural resources and landscapes. Other ES from the land parcel and its surroundings are unlikely to be capitalized due to lack of private incentives, unawareness, or small perceived value. The private ES values measured in this study highlight opportunities to design cost-effective public policies that factor in the value of private benefits from agricultural lands.     

Metaphors,social practices,and economic life: ASE presidential address

Our lived experiences of the economy shape the metaphors that we use to describe the economy. Yet, any particular metaphor can only provide a partial perspective. There are two ways our conceptual frameworks have reflected partial perspectives. The first is historical: our conceptual frameworks tend to build upon ideas developed during the factory age. A machine metaphor, grounded in the industrial age, focuses on the transformation of resources into outputs, but it obscures other aspects of economic life. Second, economic concepts and metaphors are affected by our personal standpoints and our social identities. As social economists, we recognize that our economy is embedded in society, a society in which social identities such as class, gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality shape our standpoints. To fully understand the continuities and changes in how social provisioning is organized, we need to be attentive to these social identities and how they are constituted and transformed through social practices.