收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

收入差距中的“贸易-技术效应”分析

本文在分析"贸易-技术效应"对收入差距影响的短期与长期机制的基础上,利用2000～2009年我国制造业28个细分行业数据,实证分析了"贸易-技术效应"对熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间收入差距的影响。结果表明:贸易自由化对我国制造业细分行业的技术升级与新技术采用有着正面影响;短期内,贸易自由化通过"贸易-技术效应"机制,引致熟练技术劳动力相对需求上升,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距扩大;长期而言,"贸易-技术效应"机制使得熟练技术劳动力供给数量相对增加,熟练与非熟练技术劳动力间的收入差距缩小。     

外包拉大了工资差距吗?——基于行业技术特定性的理论与实证分析

本文从理论和实证两个角度,深入探讨了外包行业的技术特定性对中国制造业熟练劳动与非熟练劳动相对工资的影响。我们首先建立熟练劳动在行业间不能自由流动的技术特定性模型,通过比较静态的研究方法,分别讨论发展中国家承接高技术外包和低技术外包对本国相对工资的影响。实证方面,我们以中国1997—2006年28个工业细分行业为样本来检验行业技术特定性对我国相对工资差距的作用。实证结果支持理论模型的结论,认为我国承接的非熟练劳动外包会缩小我国的工资差距,行业的技术特定性会加强外包的工资效应。     

我国工资差距的影响因素分析——基于制造业面板数据的研究

本文借鉴成本函数的研究方法,采用我国1993～2010年19个工业细分行业的相关数据考察了影响熟练劳动与非熟练劳动相对工资变化的因素。通过计算行业的VSS和回归估计发现,国际贸易和技术进步才是拉动我国相对工资差距的主要原因,外包对相对工资差距起到微弱的缩小作用。根据行业的要素密集度,本文继续将工业行业划分为3个子样本,进一步考察了这些因素对不同要素密集型部门的相对工资的影响,结论与总体回归基本一致。本文的结论与理论预期的不一致,可能是由中国劳动力市场的特殊性和中国加工贸易的特点决定的。     

全球生产网络、贸易结构与工资差距：来自中国的证据

论文通过建立全球生产网络的中间投入品模型,实证分析中间品贸易对一国技术劳动力和非技术劳动力工资差异的影响。研究发现：加工贸易是中国融入全球生产网络的典型形态;其出口会扩大对技术和非技术劳动力的需求。但技术劳动力的工资上涨幅度要高于非技术劳动力的工资涨幅,从而使相对工资差距扩大。短期内,中间品的进口减少了技术劳动力的需求和就业,但长期来看中间品进口会扩大对技术劳动力的需求,相对工资差距拉大。人力资本投资的供给增长由于未能满足劳动力市场的需求,从而在一定程度上表现为工资差距拉大;但长期来看,人力资本积累机制的完善使得相对工资差距会逐渐缓和。     

生产性外包对中国工业全要素生产率及工资的影响研究

外包作为一种新型资源组织与生产方式对各国技术进步与要素报酬产生了重要的影响.本文利用中国31个工业部门1998-2006年的面板数据检验了外包及与其相关联的FDI对全要素生产率(TFP)、平均工资和要素收入分配变动的影响,研究结果表明外包和FDI显著促进了中国工业部门TFP与工资水平的提高,它们对后者在样本期内增长的贡献度分别达到约42%和80%,但另一方面它们也导致了国内熟练与非熟练劳动力工资收入差距的扩大.     

技能溢价研究新进展——基于技术和贸易的逻辑框架

技能溢价用来解释熟练技能工人与非熟练技能工人之间的工资差距问题。早期的技能溢价研究注重外生偏向型技术和H-O-S框架下南北贸易对技能溢价的影响。技能溢价的新解释则注重内生的技术变化和多元化的贸易形式、工会等制度因素以及人口结构变化等微观因素对技能溢价的影响。介绍和研究技能溢价现象对于解释我国不同技能工人之间的工资差异具有很强的借鉴意义。     

国际贸易对性别工资差距的影响:基于CHFS数据的研究

文章构建了国际贸易影响分技能劳动力性别工资差距的理论模型,并运用2011年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS)进行均值回归和分位数回归。实证研究结果显示:就总体性别工资差距而言,国际贸易虽扩大了性别工资差距,但对分技能性别工资差距的影响存在差异,贸易对低技能劳动力的性别工资差距有缩小作用,对高技能劳动力的性别工资差距有扩大作用;就不同地区性别工资差距而言,国际贸易提高了沿海地区的工资水平,并有助于缓解该地区的性别工资差距,但对内陆地区工资水平的提高有不利影响;就分技能的分位数性别工资差距而言,在工资分布的不同位置上,国际贸易总是在扩大高技能劳动力的性别工资差距,同时国际贸易有缩小工资分布中的中低端低技能劳动力性别工资差距的作用,这大致印证了上述均值回归的结果。基于以上结论,在贸易促使竞争加剧的背景下,即便高技能女性有时也难以从贸易中获得和男性均等的利益,虽然改善女性的个体特征(如受教育程度)有助于缓解性别工资差距的问题,但只有政府加强对劳动力市场的监管、完善社保制度,才能为解决性别工资差距建立更有效的制度保障。     

垄断竞争、产业内贸易与相对工资差距

本文首先运用理论模型推导出垄断竞争市场条件下产业内贸易与行业相对工资差距之间的关系。理论结果显示,当产品的产出技能替代弹性(高技术工人相对雇佣量的变化率/产出的变化率)为正时,产业内贸易将会扩大相对工资差距;当产品的产出技能替代弹性为负时,产业内贸易将会缩小相对工资差距。然后以中美工业制成品产业内贸易为例对该结论进行验证,计量检验结果表明,我国制成品的产出技能替代弹性为正,中美工业制成品产业内贸易扩大了相对工资差距。     

中国加工贸易的工资分配效应研究

国际外包的蓬勃发展:一方面,改变了国际贸易格局;另一方面,催生新的贸易方式—中间产品贸易,这种新型的贸易方式会影响一国不同类型劳动者的工资收入。本文以中国加工贸易作为中间产品贸易的衡量,选取1996～2008年数据作为样本进行时间序列回归,结果表明,加工贸易规模与制造业技能工人的相对工资成反方向变动。最后本文结合实证分析结果认为:我国应该积极参与中间产品贸易,扩大加工贸易规模,以增强其对缓解就业、缩小工资差距的作用。     

Export Activity,Firm Size and Wage Structure: Evidence from Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms*

This study adopts a semiparametric smooth coefficient model to evaluate the export–wage premiums, firm size–wage premiums, and the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor. Particular focus is placed upon widespread evidence indicating that pay levels in ‘large’ and ‘export‐oriented’ firms are higher than in their ‘small’ and ‘domestic‐oriented’ counterparts. Applying the firm‐level data for Taiwanese manufacturing firms, we find a positive export–wage premium for skilled workers and a negative export–wage premium for unskilled workers. The hypothesis of a constant export premium across firm size is rejected. While most of the export–wage premiums for skilled labor can be attributed to the small and medium firms, the large exporting firms have a significant adverse effect on wages for unskilled labor. Moreover, our results suggest that the firm size–wage premiums for skilled workers are larger than those for unskilled workers. The wage gap between the two skill groups is also sensitive to size categories.     

Trade liberalization and the wage gap: the role of vertical linkages and fixed costs

This paper studies the labor market impacts of trade liberalization, and specifically tariff reductions, with a focus on the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers in presence of vertical linkages in the fixed costs of production. To that purpose, we develop and empirically test a monopolistic competition model with variable elasticity of substitution and labor differentiated by skill level, where skilled workers are the residual claimants of savings on imported inputs. Consistently with the model predictions, we find that a 10% reduction in tariffs implies on average a 3.8% increase in the wage gap. In addition, the same level of tariff reduction is expected to lower unskilled employment in domestic production by 3.3%, which is partially offset by an expansion of unskilled employment in the export segment of production. These results are obtained matching detailed international trade data with World Input–Output Tables and EU KLEMS data on country-sector wage by skill level on 17 OECD countries from 1996 to 2005.     

Global Outsourcing and Wage Inequality in Middle-Income Countries: Evidence from South Korea

A substantial number of studies have suggested that global outsourcing can induce wage inequality. As Feenstra and Hanson [(1996a) Foreign investment, outsourcing, and relative wage, in: R. C. Feestra, G. M. Hanson, and D. A. Irwin (Eds.) Political Economy of Trade Policy: Essays in Honor of Jagdish Bhagwati (Cambridge: The MIT Press), pp. 89–127] argued, global outsourcing is comparable to skill-biased technological change in that global outsourcing is more likely to increase the wage of skilled workers rather than their unskilled counterparts. We examine the effects of outsourcing on wage of skilled and unskilled workers in Korea's manufacturing sector with a focus on the dissimilar effects of outsourcing to developed countries (DCs) and less developed countries (LDCs) on relative wage. The results of system and difference GMM estimation based on manufacturing data from 1992 to 2006 indicate that outsourcing to DCs and LDCs have opposite (and significant) effects on relative wage, that is, outsourcing to DCs (LDCs) decreases the wage of skilled (unskilled) workers.     

Two‐Way Outsourcing,International Migration,and Wage Inequality

This article develops a general equilibrium model with a vertical production structure to examine the relationship between offshore outsourcing and international migration, especially emphasizing their effects on the wages of skilled and unskilled workers. Two‐way outsourcing (simultaneous insourcing and outsourcing) in skilled‐labor–intensive services arises because of product differentiation and scale economies, and outsourcing in unskilled‐labor–intensive processing occurs because of factor endowment differences. The tractability of the model allows us to rank outsourcing and migration, according to the wages of both types of workers. Finally, we also analyze under what conditions outsourcing and international migration are complements or substitutes.     

生产者服务业FDI与东道国工资差距:理论与实证

本文从理论和实证两个角度,阐述并验证了生产者服务业FDI对东道国熟练与非熟练工人的工资差距的影响。通过一个将生产者服务作为中间投入的两部门理论模型,我们发现,生产者服务业FDI使得服务品种增加,并造成熟练工人从一般制造业部门流向服务(或高技术)部门,导致熟练工人工资上升而非熟练工人工资下降。本文选取上海市的数据,建立了4个回归模型进行实证检验。结果表明,生产者服务业FDI对熟练与非熟练工人的工资差距会产生直接而显著的扩大作用,但是它同时能通过其他解释变量,如人均GDP、人均人力资本、第三产业就业率以及第二产业的全员劳动生产率对工资差距产生间接的收缩作用。最后,本文针对回归结果得出了相应的结论和启示。     

Wage increases, wage convergence, and the Lewis turning point in China

We examine the wage trends of ordinary workers and the wage convergence between unskilled and skilled workers in China. First, we find that wages in all non-agricultural sectors, wages of migrant workers, and wages of hired workers in the agricultural sector have increased dramatically since 2003. Second, through comparing wage differentials between migrant and urban resident workers and between heterogeneous education groups within migrant workers, and by investigating the changes in the contribution of the returns to education to wage differentials, we find that the wages of unskilled and skilled workers have converged. Both the increasing wage trends and wage convergence are interpreted as evidence supporting the hypothesis that China has passed what can be called the Lewis turning point in the industrial sector. We conclude that the sustainability of economic growth in China requires an upgrading of labor market institutions to accommodate the merging of the rural and urban labor forces.     

Education,globalization and catch-up: Scandinavia in the Swedish mirror

This paper estimates and analyses wage inequality trends in Portugal, from 1944 to 1984, a period that comprises the Estado Novo dictatorship and the first decade after the transition to democracy. Wage inequality is measured by the gap between skilled and unskilled labour, and reveals a downward trend in most of the period in analysis. We provide an explanation for the observed trends by looking at the influence of domestic and international forces on changes in the relative supply and demand of skilled labour. According to our findings, the skill premium declined due to the combined influence of two major forces: an increase in the relative supply of skilled labour due to the mass emigration of unskilled labour, and the decrease in the relative demand for skills, related to trade-induced changes stemming from the country's increasing openness, which followed the country's unskilled labour comparative advantages. Our findings point to the conclusion that the impact of openness on wage inequality is related to the country's relative level of development among its major trading partners.     

Specialization, outsourcing and wages

This paper studies the impact of outsourcing on individual wages. In contrast to the standard approach in the literature, we focus on domestic outsourcing as well as foreign outsourcing. We argue that if outsourcing is associated with specialization gains arising from an increase in the division of labor, domestic outsourcing tends to increase wages for both unskilled and skilled labor. We use a panel data set of workers in Danish manufacturing industries to show that domestic and foreign outsourcing affect wages as predicted.