Outward FDI and profitability of emerging economy firms: Diversifying from home resource dependence in early stage internationalization

We investigate the effect of conducting FDI on the profitability of emerging economy firms in early stage internationalization. We argue that FDI can be an effective strategy to alleviate liabilities of emergingness, thus generating positive performance outcomes. We hypothesize that, contingent on factors altering motivation and capability of firms to diversify from home resource dependence, emerging economy firms can benefit from conducting FDI, resulting in a greater rate of intangible assets growth and enhanced profitability. Using panel data of Chinese firms prior to the global financial crisis, and through combining matching techniques with difference-in-difference analysis, we find empirical support for our arguments.     

关于所得税汇算清缴中的问题

由于税法与会计制度的目的不同 ,在确认收益、费用、利润、资产、负债等方面存在明显差异 ,导致按照财务会计原则和税法计算的应税所得额不一定相同。根据投资业务和固定资产业务中应纳税所得额的分析 ,通过对其事先筹划和安排 ,在税法规定许可的范围内 ,尽可能地达到企业纳税节约的目的。     

Liability driven investment with alternative assets: Evidence from Brazil

We study the portfolio choice problem for an asset-liability investor who invests in stocks, equity mutual funds, government bonds, short term interest, hedge funds, listed real estate, and commodities futures available in Brazil. Inflation and real interest play as important risk sources. We estimate the asset classes and liabilities time-varying conditional covariance structure using an asymmetric multivariate dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model and compare the asset-liability portfolio's global minimum variance allocation with Brazilian pension funds' market portfolio. The conditional covariance structure provides insights about the complex dynamic relationships between the asset classes and liabilities. We find that some (though not all) Brazilian alternative assets render strong diversification and liabilities hedging benefits for asset-liability investors. There are significant strategic asset allocation differences between the market portfolio and the liability driven portfolio as given by our model. We, therefore, question the Brazilian pension funds' allocation.     

External liabilities and crises

We examine the determinants of external crises, focusing on the role of foreign liabilities and their composition. Using a variety of statistical tools and comprehensive data spanning 1970–2011, we find that the ratio of net foreign liabilities to GDP is a significant crisis predictor. This is primarily due to the net position in debt instruments—the effect of net equity liabilities is weaker and net FDI liabilities seem, if anything, an offset factor. We also find that: i) breaking down net external debt into its gross asset and liability counterparts does not add significant explanatory power to crisis prediction; ii) the current account is a powerful predictor; iii) foreign exchange reserves reduce the likelihood of crisis more than other foreign asset holdings; and iv) a parsimonious probit containing those and a handful of other variables has good predictive performance in- and out-of-sample. The latter result stems largely from our focus on external crises sensu stricto.     

Assets of origin? Chinese multinational enterprises amidst the Belt and Road Initiative

This article reviews the current literature on the implications of the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative for Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) and calls for further empirical investigations of the motivations, processes, and consequences of the expansion of CMNEs into B&R countries. We posit that the rapid expansion of CMNEs in these countries indicates assets, rather than liabilities, for the county of origin. Empirical studies in this special issue provide new insights into what is “Chinese” about Chinese foreign direct investment in B&R countries and how the “assets of origin” may play a role in CMNEs' expansion in B&R countries.     

Borrowing Without Debt? Understanding the U.S. International Investment Position

Sustained large U.S. current account deficits have led some economists and policymakers to worry that future current account adjustment could occur through a sudden and disruptive depreciation of the dollar and a sharp drop in U.S. consumption. Two factors that, to date, have cast doubt on such concerns are the stability of U.S. net external liabilities and the minimal net income payments made by the United States on these liabilities. We show that the stability of the external position reflects sizable capital gains stemming from strong foreign equity markets and a weaker dollar—conditions that could be reversed in the future. We also show that while minimal U.S. net income payments reflect a much higher measured rate of return on U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) assets than on U.S. FDI liabilities, JEL Classification F21     

衍生金融工具及其对会计的影响

经济环境的变化必然引起会计的变化 ,衍生金融工具的出现和发展为会计提出了新的研究课题。衍生金融资产与衍生金融负债与传统会计资产和负债的相比有许多不同之处 ,对衍生金融工具对会计有关要素的定义、确认、计量和报告等方面的影响的探讨研究 ,有助于科学地解决会计实务中的问题。     

资产证券化的必要性及可行性

随着我国商业银行资产负债期限结构错配导致流动性风险隐患的日益增强,以及银行监管所要求的资本量增加,使得作为风险转移方式之一的信贷资产证券化应运而生。本文通过分析我国资本充足率不足、银行业所处的环境以及我国资本市场投融资体制的现状,说明了我国实行资产证券化势在必行。同时由于资产证券化有广阔的需求前景,大量的国外成熟、成功的经验以及我国成功的资产证券化的实践决定我国实行资产证券化具有可行性。     

Network valuation in financial systems

We introduce a general model for the balance‐sheet consistent valuation of interbank claims within an interconnected financial system. Our model represents an extension of clearing models of interdependent liabilities to account for the presence of uncertainty on banks' external assets. At the same time, it also provides a natural extension of classic structural credit risk models to the case of an interconnected system. We characterize the existence and uniqueness of a valuation that maximizes individual and total equity values for all banks. We apply our model to the assessment of systemic risk and in particular for the case of stress testing. Further, we provide a fixed‐point algorithm to carry out the network valuation and the conditions for its convergence.     

上市公司资本结构影响因素分析

分析上市公司资本结构的影响因素,对确定上市公司的合适资本结构有重要参考意义。利用截面数据运用多元回归分析法,通过对我国交通运输、仓储业上市公司资本结构的影响因素定量分析,认为公司规模、成长能力与资产负债率显著正相关,短期偿债能力、资产担保比率、内部资源能力和盈余管理能力与资产负债率显著负相关。     

Foreign currency exposure and balance sheet effects: A firm-level analysis for Korea

If firms match the currency composition of their liabilities with that of their assets or income, a currency depreciation will have an ambiguous effect on investment of firms holding foreign debt. Using Korean firm-level data, we first find evidence of currency matching. We then show that foreign debt has a significant negative balance sheet effect on firm investment following a depreciation, once foreign assets and exports are controlled for. The balance sheet effect is particularly severe for firms subject to financial constraints. The inclusion of foreign assets is important for identifying the balance sheet effect separately from the competitiveness effect.     

The demand for safe assets in emerging economies and global imbalances: New empirical evidence

Recent economic theory has singled out mismatches between the supply and the demand of safe financial assets in emerging countries as drivers of international capital flows and, ultimately, global current account imbalances. This paper assesses empirically the contribution of such “search for safe assets” to the size and composition of emerging economies’ international asset portfolios. Excess demand for safe assets in financially less‐developed countries would imply that these countries hold disproportionately high shares of their total portfolios in foreign assets. Moreover, financially less‐developed countries would hold disproportionately high shares of their foreign portfolios in financially developed countries, which are the major producers of ostensibly safe assets. This paper finds little empirical support for these predictions. Financially less‐developed countries allocate a larger proportion of their total holdings to domestic assets. Even when focusing on their foreign portfolios, there is no evidence of a general bias towards the assets of financially developed countries. Overall, asset mismatches do not appear to explain the asset allocation of financially less‐developed countries.     

Capital flows to central and Eastern Europe

We examine the evolution of the external position in CEE countries over the past decade, with a strong emphasis on the composition of the international balance sheet. We assess the extent of their international financial integration, in comparison to the advanced economies and other emerging markets, and highlight the most salient features of their external capital structure in terms of the relative importance of FDI, portfolio equity, and external debt. In addition, we briefly describe the bilateral and currency composition of their external liabilities. Finally, we explore the implications of the accumulated stock of external liabilities for future trade and current account balances.     

当前中国的对外资产结构:特征、原因、问题与调整

当前中国的对外资产累积有几千亿美元,但绝大部分是缺乏控股权的债券与货币性投资,直接投资所占份额很少。企业整体实力、企业体制和政府政策等因素是造成中国对外资产结构不合理的主要原因。这种资产结构不仅使中国对外投资的收益较低,且对所投资国经济的影响力较弱,使对外投资的许多重要作用难以发挥。逐步加大对外直接投资的比重,减少非直接投资特别是储备资产的比重应该成为今后中国对外资产结构调整的主要趋势。     

The impact of external reference price on consumer price expectations

Comparative pricing practices are frequently used where actual product prices are accompanied by higher external reference prices. All types of stores, regular-price department stores as well as discount stores, use comparative price claims to frame price deals as attractive [Marketing Science 4 (1985) 199]. In this paper, a quadratic model is specified for the impact of external reference price (ERP) on consumer price expectations. Based on the research on communication discrepancy and advertising claim discrepancy, which in turn draw on assimilation-contrast, attribution, and prospect theories, we hypothesize a quadratic effect of external reference prices on consumer price expectations. An interactive, computer-controlled experiment using multiple levels of ERP is used to estimate the proposed model. As hypothesized, support for an inverted U-shape relationship is found between consumers’ updated price expectations and the difference between ERP and initial price expectations. That is, as the difference between ERP and subjects’ initial price expectations increases, subjects’ updated price expectations increase to a point and then start to decrease. We find that the fit of the quadratic model specification for the effect of external reference price on price expectations is noticeably superior to that of linear, logarithmic, square root, and S-shaped specifications. Finally, we provide implications of our results for both retail managers and for regulatory authorities alike.     

Risk,external adjustment and capital flows

This paper studies the process of external adjustment. I develop an open economy model with endowment and preference shocks that can account for the empirical behavior of real exchange rates, interest rates and consumption in the U.S. and Europe. The model includes cross border holdings of bonds and equity, and financial frictions that impede international risk-sharing. I find that external adjustment following endowment shocks predominantly takes place via trade flows, consistent with the intertemporal approach to the current account. In contrast, preference shocks that change investors' risk aversion induce adjustment via the trade and valuation channels; where the latter includes the effects of unexpected capital gains and loss on existing cross border holdings and changes in the expected future return differentials between foreign assets and liabilities. The model estimates imply that the valuation channel of external adjustment is more important for the U.S. than the trade channel. Consistent with this implication, I show that forecasts of future return differentials contributed most to the volatility of the U.S. net foreign asset position in the post Bretton-Woods era.     

政府资产风险:地方财政风险分析的一个新视角

针对目前研究地方财政风险问题时往往都从负债的角度来考察 ,本文变换了一下研究思路 ,从资产风险的角度来研究我国地方政府财政风险。本文首先定义了地方财政风险和地方政府资产风险概念 ,然后通过界定政府资产的类型 ,即财政收入、政府存量资产和政府无形资产或称政府威信 ,分别考察我国地方政府这三类资产的状况 ,结果发现我国地方政府资产质量不佳 ,存在着很大的风险 ,本文试图探究其原因 ,并为此提出了一些建议。     

On the bankruptcy of internet companies: An empirical inquiry

In this paper we investigate bankruptcy of Internet (dotcoms) companies. Using a calendar-time model, we identify three key predictors of company failure; net income to total assets, cash flow to total liabilities, and total assets. In addition, we use an event-time model and find that liquidity becomes more important as a predictor than profit potential about one year prior to the failure, but that this finding is reversed (i.e. liquidity is less important than profit potential) three years prior to bankruptcy. Our results also suggest that three years prior to bankruptcy, a higher ratio of total liabilities to total assets is associated with lower odds of survival.     

From local to global innovation: The role of subsidiaries’ external relational embeddedness in an emerging market

This study examines factors that influence the development and transformation of local innovations into global innovations from an emerging market subsidiary. We argue that subsidiaries’ relational embeddedness with the external local network is essential for the development of local innovations. Turning local innovations into global ones is the result of the level of innovativeness evoked by the subsidiary located in an emerging market. However, the transformation of local into global innovations is more likely to happen in the case of subsidiaries having previous reverse knowledge transfers in functional areas. Reverse knowledge transfers indicate internal embeddedness, which is essential for local innovation to be transformed into global innovation. We draw on survey evidence from 131 foreign subsidiaries operating in Brazil. Using a Structural Equation Modeling technique, our results support our hypotheses and show that subsidiaries’ relational embeddedness with the external local network is positively associated with local innovation, which is transformed into global innovation, especially when innovation is developed in the subsidiary´s functional areas with previous reverse knowledge transfers. We draw implications for the field of subsidiary management research, specifically to understand the role of local innovation from foreign subsidiaries in emerging markets.     

Interaction Approach and Liabilities: A Case Analysis of Start-Up Firms

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Start-up firms have to face some key challenges due to liabilities related to processes that are external to the organization, such as establishing relationships with customers, suppliers and other relevant actors. The purpose of the article is to understand how liabilities, namely newness, smallness, foreignness and outsidership, are related to each other in start-ups, and what are the main liabilities perceived/experienced by start-ups and their counterparts, using an interactive perspective.

Methodology: The article uses a case study methodology and proposes 3 cases of start-ups firms and their counterparts. Cases are built using multiple data-sources, both primary and secondary.

Findings: The article highlights the role of “heritage” left by the membership in the network. This “network heritage” means that some aspects of the network are pre-existing, in terms of previous and long lasting relationships with other actors. In this sense, the network in which the firm connects pre-exists and mitigates the existence of liabilities that come into play in the processes of interdependence with other actors. This provides a perspective of liabilities, specifically the liability of newness, as an asset in the sense that newness depends on a “short story,” without constraints of a “longer story” as that of competitors in the network. The liability of newness is an asset in terms of flexibility, customized offer and innovative content.

Originality/value/contribution: The main contribution of the article lies in taking an interactive perspective on start-ups and liabilities, analyzing the interaction processes taking place between the new venture and the surrounding network of essential actors.

Practical implications: Liabilities arise and can be overcome in the processes of interaction, which therefore can have an ambivalent role: fertile ground for the manifestation of liabilities but also the context for its overcoming/conversion of liabilities into assets. Entrepreneurs and managers should consider newness and smallness as positive attributes for other actors in the processes of interaction, as a potential generator of value. Such a perception of newness as an asset depends on two factors: the presence or absence of an organization-mother that limits the perception of newness as a liability; the sector in which the new company develops, if dynamic and innovative or still tied to traditional and consolidated processes where the experience, “history” and “heritage” of the firm are sources of legitimacy.