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1.
Despite growing interest in examining the role of religion in business ethics, there is little consensus concerning the basis
or standards of “good” or ethical behavior and the reasons behind them. This limits our ability to enhance ethical behavior
in the workplace. We address this issue by examining worldviews as it relates to ethics research and practice. Our worldview
forms the context within which we organize and build our understanding of reality. Given that much of our academic work as
well as business practice operate from a modern worldview, we examine how modernism shapes our beliefs and approaches to ethics
in business and academia. We identify important limitations of modernism in addressing moral issues and religion. We then
introduce the Christian worldview as an alternative approach to examining ethical issues in business 相似文献
2.
This article first addresses the question of “why” we teach business ethics. Our answer to “why” provides both a response
to those who oppose business ethics courses and a direction for course content. We believe a solid, comprehensive course in
business ethics should address not only moral philosophy, ethical dilemmas, and corporate social responsibility – the traditional
pillars of the disciple – but also additional areas necessary to make sense of the goings-on in the business world and in
the news. These “new pillars,” that we advocate include moral psychology, organizational design and behavior, motivational
theory, and a unit on how society, business, and law interact. This last unit builds upon the work of Francis P. McHugh (1988)
who urged an integration of “disciplines related to business ethics.” Our seventh pillar would encompass an integration of
law, socio-political theory, and policy to demonstrate how business helps construct its own regulatory framework. The concluding
recommendation is for a comprehensive “Seven Pillars” of business ethics approach.
William Arthur Wines holds a B.S.B.A. with distinction from Northwestern University and a J.D. from the University of Michigan.
He is admitted to the practice of law in Minnesota and the State of Washington. His research has appeared in over three dozen
journals including the American Business Law Journal, Arizona Law Review, Economics of Education Review, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Journal of Business Ethics, Labor Law Journal, Marquette Law Review, Nebraska Law Review, and The William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law. He is the author of two volumes of readings in business ethics and “ Ethics, Law, and Business”, published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. in 2006. This material is subject to various copyright laws. Please do not
transmit electronically, quote, or copy without the prior written permission of the author. 相似文献
3.
We address a previous finding in the business ethics literature in which accounting professionals in higher rank levels, i.e.,
“manager” or “partner” of auditing firms, appear to have lower moral reasoning ability than their junior counterparts. Prior
investigations have relied upon a similar methodology for estimating ethical beliefs, namely testing “moral reasoning ability”
using either the Moral Judgment Interview or Defining Issues Test. In the present study, we use a multiple vignettes approach
to test for the existence of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs effect. With only 2 of the 30 vignettes resulting in both managers
and partners being more accepting of the ethically charged behaviors, the results presented here using this alternative methodology
are generally not supportive of the inverse rank-ethical beliefs phenomenon. We also use a multivariate analysis in order
to control for demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that the most robust predictor of ethical attitudes among
accounting practitioners is age, not rank within a firm. 相似文献
4.
This study investigates the possible effects of self-concept, self-monitoring, and moral development level on dimensions of
consumers’ ethical attitudes. “Actively benefiting from illegal activities,” “actively benefiting from deceptive practices,”
and “no harm/no foul 1–2” are defined by factor analysis as four dimensions of Turkish consumers’ ethical attitudes. Logistic
regression analysis is applied to data collected from 516 Turkish households. Results indicate that self-monitoring and moral
development level predicted consumer ethics in relation to “actively benefiting from questionable practices” and “no harm/no
foul” dimensions. Actual self-concept is also a predictor variable in relation to “no harm/no foul” dimension. Age and gender
make significant differences in consumers’ ethical attribute dimensions. 相似文献
5.
This article is an attempt to understand ethical theory not just as a set of well-developed philosophical perspectives but
as a range of moral capacities that human beings more or less grow into over the course of their lives. To this end, we explore
the connection between formal ethical theories and stage developmental psychologies, showing how individuals mature morally,
regarding their duties, responsibilities, ideals, goals, values, and interests. The primary method is to extract from the
writings of Kohlberg and his students the cues that help to flesh out a developmental picture of a wide range of ethical perspectives.
Thus, developmental psychology benefits from gaining a broader understanding of “morality” and “ethics,” and ethical theory
benefits from a richer understanding of how moral maturity arises from youthful beginnings in juvenile and adolescent thinking.
Results of this study offer insight into the difficulty of teaching ethics and a refined ability to assess moral maturity
in business activity.
F. Neil Brady is the Jack R. Wheatley Professor of Management Ethics in the Romney Institute of Public Management and a member
of the Ethics Group at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. He has published over thirty articles
on ethics in a variety of journals including the Academy of Management Review, Administration & Society, and the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. He has authored Ethical Managing (Macmillan 1990) and edited Ethical Universals in International Business (Springer Verlag 1996). For twenty years, his research has focused on the application of ethical theory to managerial decisions.
David W. Hart is assistant professor of public management in the Romney Institute of Public Management and a member of the
Ethics Group at the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. He received his PhD from the State University
of New York at Albany. His current research focuses on administrative ethics, business-government interaction, and the external
environment of organizations. He has published in a variety of journals and is the co-author of a book. Wall Street Polices Itself: How Securities Firms Manage the Legal Hazards of Competitive Pressures (Oxford University Press, 1998). 相似文献
6.
The emerging concern about software piracy and illegal or unauthorized use of information technology and software has been
evident in the media and open literature for the last few years. In the course of conducting their academic assignments, the
authors began to compare observations from classroom experiences related to ethics in the use of software and information
technology and systems. Qualitatively and anecdotally, it appeared that many if not most, students had misconceptions about
what represented ethical and unethical behaviors in these realms. Clearly, one can argue that if college students are uncertain
about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior then this uncertainty will be carried forward into their workplaces
upon graduation. Furthermore, if their workplaces don't provide ethics training as a component of a new employee orientation
program, one can project a potential for unintentional violations and infringements of copyrights and law in the field. This
study was conducted among graduate and undergraduate students to gain insight into their attitudes, perceptions and understanding
of some of the relevant ethics issues. A questionnaire of 11 statements was employed that described ubiquitous but most likely
unethical (or surely dubious) behaviors in the prevailing business and academic environments. Each respondent was asked to
evaluate each statement twice (once for “self” and once for “colleague”) on a five-option highly ethical (5) to neutral (3)
to highly unethical (1) scale. The statements were worded such that lower instrument score was associated with higher ethical
responses. The questionnaire's two-part structure was designed to solicit honest answers. The encouraging learning from this
study was that the overall sample and its various sub-samples did not consider any of the eleven behaviors to be “ethical”
or “highly ethical.” It was also encouraging to note that the overall sample and all sub-samples considered “highly unethical”
those behaviors associated with personal privacy or property or outright theft. This indicated that moral judgment and probity
prevail. The discouraging learning was that behaviors associated with the use of enterprise property were viewed as “neutral”
i.e., neither “ethical” nor “unethical.” These findings suggested confusion and lack of clarity and definition around workplace
deportment as it regards ethics in software and information technology use. The current study suggests that additional research
needs to be conducted to define and clarify the issues, which in turn can form the basis for programs to rectify or at least
ameliorate the situation. 相似文献
7.
This study uses judgment and decision-making (JDM) perspective with the help of framing and schema literature from cognitive
psychology to evaluate how managers behave when problems with unethical overtones are presented to them in a managerial frame
rather than an ethical frame. In the proposed managerial model, moral judgment of the situation is one of the inputs to managerial
judgment, among several other inputs regarding costs and benefits of various alternatives. Managerial judgment results in
managerial intent leading to managerial action. The model and the effects of taking an ethics course on ethical and managerial
judgment and managerial intent were then indirectly tested in this study, wherein subjects judged the ethical wrongness, managerial
badness, and the managerial intent regarding decisions made in a case. Forty-nine MBA students analyzed a case involving budget-based
bonuses and production, in which the ethical issue evolved over three stages. It appears from the Path-analysis results that
managerial judgment mediated between moral judgment and the judgment of managerial intent as suggested by the proposed model,
and that taking an ethics course directly affected managerial judgment but did not affect the moral judgment. Additionally,
in the first stage of decision-making (early stage of a developing “ethical slippery slope”), moral judgment did not significantly
influence managerial judgment. However, students with ethics course still were more inclined to judge the decision as managerially
bad as compared to others, indicating that they were more aware or sensitive to the moral issues involved. 相似文献
8.
This research project seeks to discover whether certain characteristics of a moral issue facilitate individuals’ abilities
to detect violators of a conditional rule. In business, conditional rules are often framed in terms of a social contract between
employer and employee. Of significant concern to business ethicists is the fact that these social contracts are frequently
breached. Some researchers in the field of evolutionary psychology argue that there is a biological basis to social contract
formation and dissolution in business. However, although it is inescapable that biological forces shaped a fixed neural structure
that guides and limits humans’ abilities, we argue that characteristics of the situation in which the person finds himself
or herself moderate the activation of these neural circuits in ordinary business social contract situations. Specifically,
the moral intensity associated with the social contract conditional rule is likely to influence peoples’ abilities to detect
violators of the rule. This study utilizes adapted versions of the Wason selection task and manipulates the issue-contingent
moral intensity characteristics of magnitude of consequences, proximity, and social consensus to assess if moral intensity
facilitates detection of rule violators. Results from this empirical study indicate no relationship between moral intensity
characteristics and issue recognition but do provide insights into the evolutionary psychology approach.
David M. Wasieleski is an Assistant Professor in the Leadership and Change Management Division of the A.J. Palumbo School
of Business Administration and the John F. Donahue Graduate School of Business at Duquesne University. He received his Ph.D.
from the University of Pittsburgh. David’s recent research focuses on individuals’ biological propensity for ethical behavior
and its effect on workplace relationships. His other research interests include moral intensity, cognitive moral development,
stakeholder agenda-building, and policy learning.
Sefa Hayibor is an Assistant Professor of Management in the Sobey School of Business at Saint Mary’s University (Canada).
He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests include business ethics and ethical decision-making,
stakeholder motivation and management, charismatic leadership, and cognitive heuristics and biases. 相似文献
9.
The present study describes the development of an ongoing and systematic index to measure consumers’ sentiments towards business
ethical practices. The Business Ethics Index (BEI) is based on the well established measurements of consumer sentiments, namely
the ICS (Index of Consumer Sentiment) and CBCCI (Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index). The BEI is comprised of 4 measurements
representing the dimensions of “personal-vicarious” and “past-future.” Data from 503 telephone interviews were used to calculate
a BEI of 107. This indicates an overall positive consumer sentiment towards the ethical behavior of business. Future calculations
of the BEI are planned which will allow for the estimation of the latent dynamics of trends in consumer sentiments toward
American business ethics. 相似文献
10.
By focusing on the reasoned debate in the discourse-ethical approach to business ethics, this paper discusses the possibilities and limitations of moral reasoning as well as applied economic and business ethics. Business ethics, it is contended, can be looked at from the standpoint of two criteria: justification and application. These criteria are used to compare three approaches: the Integrative Business Ethics, developed by Swiss philosopher Peter Ulrich, the Cultural Business Ethics of the Nuremberg School in German business ethics, and the concept of “Good Conservation” by Frederick Bird. It is argued that discourse-ethical approaches can be called upon for justifying moral principles. Improving the chances of their application, however, necessitates a good understanding of lifeworlds and culturally developed institutional settings. Bearing this in mind, further research perspectives stressing a linkage between discourse-ethical and critical approaches in social sciences are suggested.Dr. Thomas Beschorner is head of the research group “Social Learning and Sustainability” at University of Oldenburg, Germany and currently Visiting-Professor at McGill University, Montreal, Canada 相似文献
11.
This study compares college students with other adults in terms of the Muncy–Vitell (1992) consumer ethics scale. Further,
the study updates the Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics scale with modifications that include rewording and the addition of new
items. These new items can be grouped into three distinct categories – (1) downloading/buying counterfeit goods, (2) recycling/environmental
awareness and (3) doing the right thing/doing good. The study also compares these two groups in terms of their attitude toward
business. Results show that there is indeed a significant difference between these two groups in terms of ethical perceptions,
but not in terms of the “recycling” items and the “doing good” items. There was also little difference between the groups
in terms of their attitude toward business indicating that attitude toward business does not explain their different ethical
perspectives. 相似文献
12.
This paper seeks to analyze and to motivate a trend toward virtue ethics and away from deontology in the business ethics account
of organizational loyalty. Prevailing authors appeal to “transcendent” values (deontology), skepticism (there is no loyalty),
or Aristotelianism (loyalty is seeking mutual self-interest). I argue that the “Aristotelian” view clears up the “egoist”
difficulty with loyalty. Briefly, critics feel we must “transcend,” “replace,” “overcome” and most especially sacrifice self-interest on the altar of ethics and loyalty. I argue that few things can be more ethical than loyalty to shared values.
When a company and I both pursue the same value X, there becomes no difference between my seeking my best interest and my
seeking the best interest of the company (and vice versa). Hence, the way out of the egoist difficulty with loyalty is seeing
a company’s interests as my own (Aristotle’s third stage of friendship). 相似文献
13.
China now manufactures or assembles over 50% of the world’s products. However, the world has been reeling from daily accounts
of defective “Made in China” products. China has been at the forefront of growing concern, not only about its products and
enterprises, but also about its business ethics. This article analyzes recent events connected with the Made in China label
from the perspective of evolving Chinese business ethics. Part 1 analyzes three of these events. Part 2 details and analyzes
the state of business ethics in China today. Part 3 concludes by exploring the future of business ethics in China. The main
conclusion is that business ethics in China faces two kinds of ethical challenges: how to restrict the lawless in as short
a period of time as possible and how to protect and advance the interests of employees, investors, and the public through
corporate management and public administration. 相似文献
14.
During the last decade, scholars have identified a number of factors that pose significant challenges to effective business
ethics education. This article offers a “coping-modeling, problem-solving” (CMPS) approach (Cunningham, 2006) as one option for addressing these concerns. A rationale supporting the use of the CMPS framework for courses on ethical
decision-making in business is provided, following which the implementation processes for this program are described. Evaluative
data collected from N = 101 undergraduate business students enrolled in a third year required course on ethical decision-making in business indicated
that the CMPS model is a promising alternative for both overcoming teaching challenges and for facilitating skill acquisition
in the areas of ethical recognition, judgment, and action. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Whether the nation of Israel has become a “light unto the nations” in terms of ethical behavior among its business community
remains in doubt. To examine the current state of business ethics in Israel, the study examines the following: (1) the extent
of business ethics education in Israel; (2) the existence of formal corporate ethics program elements based on an annual survey
of over 50 large Israeli corporations conducted over 5 years (2006–2010); and (3) perceptions of the state of business ethics
based on interviews conducted with 22 senior Israeli corporate executives. In general, and particularly as a young country,
Israel might be considered to have made great improvements in the state of business ethics over the years. In terms of business
ethics education, the vast majority of universities and colleges offer at least an elective course in business ethics. In
terms of formal business ethics program elements, many large companies now have a code of ethics, and over time continue to
add additional elements. Most respondents believed they worked in ethical firms. Despite these developments, however, there
appears to be significant room for improvement, particularly in terms of issues like: nepotism/favoritism; discrimination;
confidentiality; treatment of customers; advertising; competitive intelligence; whistle-blowing; worker health and safety;
and the protection of the environment. When compared with the U.S. or Europe, most believed that Israeli firms and their agents
were not as ethical in business. A number of reasons were suggested that might be affecting the state of business ethics in
Israel. A series of recommendations were also provided on how firms can better encourage an ethical corporate culture. The
paper concludes with its limitations. 相似文献
16.
The paper reconstructs in economic terms Friedman’s theorem that the only social responsibility of firms is to increase their
profits while staying within legal and ethical rules. A model of three levels of moral conduct is attributed to the firm:
(1) self-interested engagement in the market process itself, which reflects according to classical and neoclassical economics
an ethical ideal; (2) the obeying of the “rules of the game,” largely legal ones; and (3) the creation of ethical capital,
which allows moral conduct to enter the market process beyond the rules of the game. Points (1) and (2) position the Friedman
theorem in economic terms while point (3) develops an economic revision of the theorem, which was not seen by Friedman. Implications
are spelled out for an instrumental stakeholder theory of the firm.
Dr. Sigmund Wagner-Tsukamoto is researcher in business ethics at the School of Management of the University of Leicester,
UK. He holds two doctorates, one in social studies from the University of Oxford, UK, and one in economic studies from the
Catholic University of Eichstaett, Germany. He has widely published on green consumerism and institutional economic issues
that concern organization theory and business ethics theory. His publications include the books Understanding Green Consumer
Behaviour (Routledge, 1997 & 2003) and Human Nature and Organization Theory (Edward Elgar, 2003). 相似文献
17.
In the wake of recent corporate scandals, this paper examines the claim made by John Boatright that business ethics, as it
is currently conceived, “rests on a mistake.” Ethics in business should not be achieved through managerial vision, discretion
or responsibility; rather, ethics should shape the design of institutions that regulate business from the outside. What ethicists
should advocate for, according to Boatright, are moral markets not moral managers. I explore the empirical and normative dimensions of his claim with special attention paid to the extent to which Boatright’s
development of the economic theory of the firm supports his position. I conclude by suggesting some reasons why moral markets
and moral management are compatible frameworks for corporate reform. 相似文献
18.
Actions within organizational contexts should be understood differently as compared with actions performed outside of such
contexts. This is the case due to the agentic shift, as discussed by social psychologist Stanley Milgram, and the role that
systemic factors play in shaping the available alternatives from which individuals acting within institutions choose. The
analysis stemming from Milgram’s experiments suggests not simply that individuals temporarily abdicate their moral agency on occasion, but that there is an erosion of agency within organizations. The point about the erosion of agency is deepened in the discussion of a case study which
illustrates the difficulty of identifying even the bare “ownership” of actions within organizations. While this is the case,
explicating these reasons suggests that both individual actors and firms can bear ethical responsibility within organizational
contexts. As part of the effort to present the whole picture, business ethics courses should introduce students to the relevant
insights from social psychology and human factors research. 相似文献
19.
The field of behavioral ethics has seen considerable growth over the last few decades. One of the most significant concerns facing this interdisciplinary field of research is the moral judgment-action gap. The moral judgment-action gap is the inconsistency people display when they know what is right but do what they know is wrong. Much of the research in the field of behavioral ethics is based on (or in response to) early work in moral psychology and American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg’s foundational cognitive model of moral development. However, Kohlberg’s model of moral development lacks a compelling explanation for the judgment-action gap. Yet, it continues to influence theory, research, teaching, and practice in business ethics today. As such, this paper presents a critical review and analysis of the pertinent literature. This paper also reviews modern theories of ethical decision making in business ethics. Gaps in our current understanding and directions for future research in behavioral business ethics are presented. By providing this important theoretical background information, targeted critical analysis, and directions for future research, this paper assists management scholars as they begin to seek a more unified approach, develop newer models of ethical decision making, and conduct business ethics research that examines the moral judgment-action gap. 相似文献
20.
Since time immemorial, the phenomenon of leadership and its understanding has attracted the attention of the business world
because of its important role in human groups. Nevertheless, for years efforts to understand this concept have only been centred
on people in leadership roles, thus overlooking an important aspect in its understanding: the necessary moral dimension which
is implicit in the relationship between leader and follower. As an illustrative example of the importance of considering good
morality in leadership, an empirical study is conducted in which a good performance of the “leader–follower” relationship
is reflected when individuals perceive ethical leadership in higher hierarchical managerial levels. To be precise, findings
of this study demonstrate that follower job response is improved through an ethics trickle-down partial effect from the Top
Manager to the immediate supervisor, and also reveal both key aspects and managerial level on which the practice of ethical
leadership should rest upon to have a stronger effect on the follower positive job response. Practical implications of these
findings and directions for future research are finally presented. 相似文献
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