自然人破产制度的建立

从法政策角度考量,自然人破产制度可以使债权人获得公平受偿,使债务人获得重生,这是自然人破产制度确立的最重要原因;而信贷消费的迅速发展,是我国确立自然人破产制度的社会基础.我国面临的城乡二元结构、信用体系的不健全只是建立自然人破产时必须予以考虑的法技术问题.在建立自然人破产制度时必须正视城乡二元结构、信用体制缺失等问题,并逐步建立自然人财产申报登记制度,完善信用制度.     

基于功能适当的个人破产征信机制回应研究

市场经济既是法治经济也是信用经济.个人破产制度助力"诚实而不幸"的自然人经济再生,有效保障了债务人的基本生存和经济发展权利.合理的自然人征信机制能够持续监督破产债务人,在明确破产资格、划定自由财产和强化失权效力上发挥重要功能.反观个人破产视域下的自然人征信机制,存在信用信息采集范围狭窄、专门信用评价规范缺位、信用评价监督管理乏力等问题.基于实现个人破产制度法律功能的需要,探讨全面收集、合理使用和信用公平的基本原则,扩展个人破产征信信息的采集范围,设置以破产自然人为主体的信用评价机制,构建贯穿个人破产程序的征信信息应用规范,从而提升个人破产信用体系的法律实效.     

浅析自然人破产制度的几个问题

改革开放以来,随着中国经济的发展,人们的生活的发生巨大变化,自然人破产制度显得尤为必要。本文首先阐述建立自然人破产制度的必要性,然后分析自然人破产能力的范围问题,最后提出我国自然人破产制度的法律构建问题,并提出在适用过程中的几个注意方面,以使我国的自然人破产制度落到实处,实施得更为顺畅。     

自然人破产的模式选择与制度依赖

在我国建立自然人破产制度具有重大的立法价值.在立法模式上,我国应当接纳一般破产主义,与现有的企业法人破产制度统一为一部完整的破产法.为保证自然人破产制度在我国有效运行和实施,应当建立和完善配套制度,优化其外部环境;同时,根据自然人破产的特性,构建和细化相关破产制度,使之成为一个完整的体系.     

台湾《消费者债务清理条例》评析及对大陆出台个人破产制度的展望

随着中国大陆地区社会主义市场经济体制的确立和深化,无论是在法律制度的设计上还是广大群众的观念接受程度,都需要一定的磨合期,再加上城乡二元结构的差异,使得中国大陆在个人破产制度的推动上难度较大。本文尝试借鉴台湾经验,期望对未来中国大陆个人破产制度的增修作一比较参考,使整体市场退出机制更加完善。     

论我国自然人破产制度的构建

为了保障自然人及其债权人的相关利益,完善我国现代破产制度并且与国际社会接轨,在我国构建一个合理的自然人破产制度已经势在必行.本文认为,虽然我国目前在自然人破产制度的构建方面仍然存在一些障碍,例如相关制度不完善、司法操作困难、与传统观念不符等.但是纵观各国自然人破产制度的发展历史,这些困难在我国现阶段并非不可以克服,构建符合我国国情的自然人破产制度的时机已经成熟.最后通过对其他国家的自然人破产制度进行分析,对我国自然人破产制度的构建提出了相关建议.     

自然人破产取舍论

2006年我国企业破产法正式出台,但第2条、第135条规定该法仅仅适用于企业法人,从而明确将自然人破产排除在外。从长远来看,鉴于自然人破产制度具有不可替代的价值和优势,其在我国的建立是势在必行,否则既影响到了社会和谐,也无以张扬人道精神。     

自然人破产取舍论

2006年我国企业破产法正式出台,但第2条、第135条规定该法仅仅适用于企业法人,从而明确将自然人破产排除在外。从长远来看,鉴于自然人破产制度具有不可替代的价值和优势,其在我国的建立是势在必行,否则既影响到了社会和谐,也无以张扬人道精神。     

自然人破产制度之法律完善

纵观世界各国的破产法律制度,尽管采用的是不同的破产主义立法,但自然人都是其破产法的调整对象。我国目前的《企业破产法》和《民事诉讼法》中有关破产的程序都只规定了企业法人具有破产资格,而不承认自然人具有破产能力。在市场经济条件下,自然人主体已经成为一种广泛的经济组织,且濒临“破产”的问题亦相当突出。应将所有自然人都列入《破产法》调整范围,普遍实施自然人破产制度。     

居民医保宜城乡一体化

目前,我国基本医疗保障体系存在着城乡分割、条块分割问题,城乡居民就医的可选择性受到限制,不利于我国庞大的农村流动人口看病就医。因此,在制度设计上必须打破这种城乡二元的医疗保险制度,逐步建立城乡一体的医疗保障体系。     

政府推进社会信用体系建设的对策取向

市场经济离不开健全的社会信用,针对我国信用供给和需求在总量和结构上存在的失衡矛盾,迫切需要具有管理者和参与者双重身份的政府在构建社会信用体系中发挥助推作用,通过提高信用产品质量,增加有效信用供给;刺激引导信用消费,扩大信用需求;推进信用环境建设,加快信用产品市场化运行,建立和完善适应市场经济发展的社会信用制度。     

The effectiveness and efficiency of corporate insolvency law—part two

Little empirical research has been done in the Netherlands (or internationally) into the effect of corporate insolvency proceedings. The Dutch legislature has made several attempts in the past decades to revise the current Dutch Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet) of 1893, while almost nothing is known about the effectiveness and efficiency of the Dutch corporate insolvency law. I have studied the effectiveness of the current Dutch insolvency law and of European Directive 2001/23/EC which is incorporated in this law, on the basis of theoretical and large‐scale empirical research. The study concerned all 4167 of the corporate insolvencies that ended in 2004. In the first part of this Article (International Insolvency Review, Volume 17, 3, Winter 2008, pp. 189–209), the research results showed that the Dutch Bankruptcy Act achieved the goals set on it only to a limited degree and that the informal restructuring procedure is of great social importance. In this second part, I concentrate on the conditions imposed by European Directive 2001/23/EC on the European national legislatures to protect employees' rights: automatic transfer of employment contracts in the event of transfers as part of insolvency proceedings, together with measures to prevent misuse of insolvency proceedings in such a way as to deprive employees of the rights provided for in this European Directive. The study shows that, in the Netherlands, not applying automatic transfer of employment contracts when an undertaking or business is transferred as part of an insolvency proceeding does not result in large‐scale misuse of insolvency law. It appears that automatic transfer of employment contracts outside insolvency proceedings can actually impede the informal restructuring of financially unsound companies. These surprising results are interesting for corporate insolvency proceedings worldwide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对农村信用社管理体制和产权改革的现实审视与政策建议

全国绝大部分省份在始于2003年新一轮农村信用社改革中均选择了省联社模式,但这一政企合一的管理模式存在所有者缺位、法人治理虚化和脱节等制度瑕疵,导致农村信用社面临"内部人控制"和"外部人干预"的双重风险。为此,建议对省联社模式分步推行二次改革予以矫正。     

From subordination to parity: an international comparison of equity securities law claims in insolvency proceedings

Securities law claims in insolvency proceedings raise important questions of allocation of risk and remedies. In the ordinary course of business, equity claims come last in the hierarchy of claims during insolvency. What is less clear is whether this should encompass claims arising from the violation of public statutes designed to protect equity investors. Discerning the optimal allocation of risk is a complex challenge if one is trying to maximize the simultaneous advancement of securities law and insolvency law public policy goals. From a securities law perspective, there must be confidence in meaningful remedies for capital markets violations if investors are to continue to invest. From an insolvency perspective, creditors make their pricing and credit availability choices based on certainty regarding their claims and shifting those priorities may affect the availability of credit. The critical question is the nature of the claim advanced by the securities holder and whether subordination of securities law claims gives rise to inappropriate incentives for corporate officers within the insolvency law regime. A comparative analysis reveals that the U.S. has provided a limited statutory exception to complete subordination through the fair funds provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by allowing SEC claims for penalties and disgorgement to rank equally with unsecured claims even though the funds are distributed to shareholders. The U.K. and Australian schemes permit shareholders to claim directly as unsecured creditors for fraudulent acts and misrepresentation by the issuer. In contrast, Canadian law is underdeveloped in its treatment of such claims. The paper canvasses the policy options available to reconcile securities law and insolvency law claims, including a discussion of the appropriate gatekeeping role for regulatory authorities and the courts, and the need for a framework that offers fair and expeditious resolution of such claims. If the public policy goal of both securities law and insolvency law is to foster efficient and cost-effective capital markets, it seems that the systems need to be better reconciled than currently. The paper also examines the codified response to the time and resources consumed in various common law tracing claims by customers in a securities firm insolvency. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金融衍生品信用风险管理与制度设计的法律问题

本文以法与金融学的方法分析了金融衍生产品信用风险的双边性质,并认为,我国金融机构在信用风险管理时应采用ISDA主协议或中国银行间市场金融衍生产品交易主协议文本,并应注意文本术语的差异。立法部门和监管部门应积极借鉴发达国家金融衍生产品市场的立法经验和实务操作,完善我国的《破产法》和《担保法》,对净额结算条款、信用支持文件、信用限额和信用衍生产品等法律效力给予明确规定,以增强可操作性。     

Is the Unequal Treatment of Debtors in Natural Person Insolvency Law Justifiable?: A South African Exposition

The South African natural person insolvency system has remained largely creditor‐orientated and excludes many honest but unfortunate debtors from its ambit. This is despite the worldwide trend to accommodate all such debtors. Although the system does provide for three different statutory natural person debt relief procedures, the cumulative effect of these measures' entry requirements results in differentiation on financial grounds. This is as all statutory measures require the debtor to have some form of disposable assets or income available – thereby drawing a distinction between those debtors with and those without assets and or income (the so‐called no income no asset debtors). The main aim of this article is to measure the South African natural person insolvency system against the right to equality in terms of both the South African Constitution and the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act. The article may benefit legislatures and policymakers in constitutional jurisdictions that subscribe to the equality principle and that directly or indirectly exclude some debtors from debt relief while providing others therewith. Copyright © 2016 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consumer Credit and Over‐indebtedness in China

Over the past three decades, China has experienced a significant increase in consumer credit. There are many causes for this growth and expansion in credit availability, such as deregulation of consumer credit markets. The expansion of consumer credit leads to the climbing of consumers' over‐indebtedness. Traditional remedies provided to consumers are limited to minor restrictions on attachment of the debtor's property. No statute has been passed in China to rearrange consumer insolvency. Moral hazard and debtor fraud are the two particularly salient concerns that hinder the adoption of consumer insolvency legislation in China. This paper makes use of publicly available data collected on government websites and bank websites to empirically describe the development of consumer credit and consumers' indebtedness in China and also theoretically examines the treatment of over‐indebtedness and the obstacles encountered in the adoption of consumer insolvency legislation. Based on these investigations, the paper suggests that although there are some obstacles, it is necessary and feasible to construct consumer insolvency system in China. Copyright © 2018 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Consumer Debt Relief in South Africa—Should the Insolvency System Provide for NINA Debtors? Lessons from New Zealand

South African natural person insolvency law has remained largely creditor‐orientated despite the international trend to assist over‐indebted debtors. Furthermore, although the South African system provides for a number of debt relief procedures, the entry requirements are of such a nature that most debtors are effectively excluded from any form of relief and therefore bound to their desperate situations. The majority of these excluded debtors fall within the no income and no assets (the so‐called No Income No Asset (NINA) debtors) category‐the main feature of this article. In the South African insolvency system, a person can therefore be ‘too poor to go bankrupt’. With reference to international principles and a thorough comparative study of the New Zealand system, the South African system is analysed, and some recommendations are made in order to provide a more accessible, effective and nondiscriminate system with specific focus on the plight of the NINA debtor. This is done by keeping the complex South African debt and poverty situation in mind as it is acknowledged that any reform should take cognisance of the unique socio‐economic and cultural background. It is recognised that providing relief to the NINA category debtors will have an impact on the economy. However, it is submitted that the exclusion of this group will be even more expensive as it creates an obstacle for these debtors to enter the formal sector and economy, thereby discouraging broader economic growth. Copyright © 2013 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The federal deposit insurance fund that didn't put a bite on U.S. taxpayers

Unlike the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and the Bank Insurance Fund, the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) survived the 1980s without falling into a state of accounting insolvency. This paper analyzes how differences in incentive structure constrain the attractiveness of interest-rate speculation and other risk-taking opportunities to managers and regulators of credit unions. Despite these better incentives, robust present-value calculations establish that NCUSIF fell into economic insolvency during the mid-1980s.Besides calculating the extent of this insolvency, the paper also seeks to explain why, after NCUSIF became insolvent, it could rebuild its reserves without an explicit or implicit taxpayer bailout. Our explanation turns on cross-industry coinsurance responsibilities and the shallowness of the fund's observed insolvency relative to industry net worth. We identify forces in the decisionmaking environment tending to limit the depth and duration of unresolved insolvencies at individual credit unions. Managerial opportunities to benefit personally from taking risks that would flow through to NCUSIF are constrained by difficulties in converting a credit union to stockholder form and by the intensity of proactive monitoring of troubled credit unions by sister institutions and other private coinsurers. We conjecture that expanded use of coinsurance and private monitoring could reduce taxpayer loss exposure elsewhere in government deposit insurance systems.     

二元结构下的农村信用体系建设模式研究

本文从分析农村经济、农村信用的特点入手,充分考虑农村现实的金融生态环境和农村经济发展的规律,认为二元结构下农村经济、信用形式,存在着明显的有别于城市的特征。基于这些特征,本文从理论上设计了区别于一般信用体系的农村信用体系建设框架和模式,并结合山东的实践案例,为进一步开展农村信用体系建设提出了政策建议。