我国现行融资制度功能的理论及实证分析

内生于经济增长的融资制度应具备筹资功能、降低交易成本功能、价格发现功能、流动性功能和风险转移功能等五方面的功能。我国现行融资制度基本能够有效地进行储蓄动员，但在向资本转化方面存在着一定的障碍；作为公共资源的政府融资仍然发挥着相当重要的作用．但金融市场对经济的促进作用有进一步弱化的趋势；在地区间和企业间存在着资源的逆配置现象，总体上资本的运用效率较低．而非正规金融发挥了不可或缺的作用；严格的利率管制使中介的价格发现功能几乎没有，而市场的价格发现功能一直较弱；此外，存在较高的交易成本，流动性水平整体较低．风险转移功能也相对缺乏。     

关于中征应收账款融资服务平台发展策略的思考

中征应收账款融资服务平台自2013年12月底上线以来,在降低应收账款融资风险、提高融资效率方面发挥了一定的作用,但仍存在缺少配套制度支持、账款真实性确认率较低、无法有效锁定账款回款路径、非全流程电子化等问题.因此,应出台相关制度,完善平台功能,拓展平台服务,建立激励机制,推动供应链核心企业在线确认账款,促使平台在支持中小企业融资方面发挥更大作用.     

我国多层次资本市场建设与实体经济发展——基于直接融资与资源配置“双轮驱动”视角

服务实体经济是资本市场的本质要求，本文首次系统地实证检验我国多层次资本市场服务实体经济的能力。结果发现：(1)直接融资方面，我国多层次资本市场满足了企业差异化融资需求，并且低层次资本市场融资没有对高层次资本市场产生“挤占”效应。新三板的融资效率显著低于主板和创业板。(2)资源配置方面，主板和创业板在绝大多数时候均有效发挥了资源配置的作用，创业板设立初期资源配置效率与主板存在较大差距，但2014年后与主板的资源配置效率相当。新三板资源配置效率较低，与主板和创业板存在较大差距。(3)流动性严重不足和信息透明度低是新三板融资效率和资源配置效率低下的关键因素。     

融资融券交易对市场和标的个股波动影响的研究

作为证券市场的重要制度之一,融资融券交易理论上应具有价格发现、价格稳定、提高流动性等基本功能。本文从融资、融券交易的价格稳定理论机制出发,从对市场和个股两个层面系统而全面的分析融资交易和融券交易的价格稳定作用。研究发现：融资交易对指数波动没有显著影响,融券交易对指数波动有一定平抑作用;融资融券交易对标的个股有价格稳定作用。     

价格波动下确定质押率融资模式的风险及化解方案研究

中小企业在确定质押率的融资模式下进行融资时,由于价格波动会导致银行资本存在"流动性"和"保值性"的风险,从而使其获得较少的贷款额或承担较大违约成本。针对存货进行套期保值融资,可以使存货在现货市场中的价格波动风险转移到期货市场中。通过算例对套期保值的风险分析可以得出:套期保值融资模式能有效转移存货的价格波动风险,使银企双方在风险最小化下实现利益最大化。     

我国商业银行发展国际贸易融资业务问题及对策研究

全球金融危机后,随着世界经济的复苏,国际贸易融资在国际资本市场上发挥着愈加凸显的重要作用.本文主要就国内商业银行国际贸易融资问题进行分析和研究.在分析了国际贸易融资的现状和发展趋势的基础上,指出国内商业银行国际贸易融资现阶段存在的主要问题,尤其对中小企业贸易融资存在困难以及贸易融资中的主要风险进行了重点分析,然后针对商业银行如何加强贸易融资问题,提出了有关的政策建议和措施.     

我国上市公司股权融资相关问题探讨

随着我国金融市场化进程加快以及创业浪潮汹涌,公司上市金融股权融资变得越来越常见.但我国金融市场的法规制度建设落后于资本市场的发展,因此上市公司股权融资中存在的诸多问题肆意蔓延,对资本市场以及其对实体经济的作用产生了十分消极的影响.本文通过总结我国上市公司股权融资的主要运作模式,分析了目前我国上市公司股权融资存在的问题和风险,探讨上市公司股权融资相关治理的措施.     

中国商业银行流动性风险特征分析——基于市场流动性和融资流动性视角

本文对金融危机以来中国商业银行资产方的市场流动性风险和负债方的融资流动性风险进行了详细分析,比较了大型商业银行、上市中小商业银行与非上市中小商业银行的市场流动风险与融资流动性风险差异.随着中国商业银行资产构成趋于复杂化,资产方市场流动性风险有所提高;同业负债的规模由于整体上处于一个增长趋势,导致负债方的融资流动性风险加大;大型商业银行整体的流动性风险水平相对其他两类商业银行较低.     

区域金融发展、内部资本市场与企业融资约束

本文以我国深沪两市2003—2011年上市公司数据为样本,通过考察区域金融发展程度和企业集团内部融资对企业融资约束的影响,研究了内部资本市场的融资功能以及区域金融发展对其的影响。文章的实证结果显示:1)国有企业的集团内部资本市场并没有起到缓解融资约束的作用;2)民营企业具有更强的内部资金管理能力,民营企业集团所构建的内部资本市场能够更好地发挥资本配置功能;3)对于国有企业,内部资本市场对区域金融市场不具有功能替代效应;4)而对于民营企业,内部资本市场对区域金融市场具有显著的功能替代效应,内部资本市场在金融发展程度较低的区域能够更好地发挥融资功能。     

融资融券交易对市场和标的个股波动影响的实证研究

作为证券市场的重要制度之一，融资融券交易理论上应具有价格发现、价格稳定、提高流动性等基本功能。本文从融资、融券交易的价格稳定理论机制出发，针对市场和个股两个层面系统而全面地分析融资交易和融券交易的价格稳定作用。研究发现：融资交易对指数波动没有显著影响，融券交易对指数波动有一定平抑作用；融资融券交易对标的个股有价格稳定作用，除极个别个股的融资作用表现不确定。     

Price Clustering in the U.S. Dollar/Taiwan Dollar Swap Market

Price clustering in financial markets is pervasive. Using transaction‐level data from the world's largest financial market, this study is the first to examine price clustering behavior in the foreign exchange swap market. In addition to existing hypotheses, we investigate new determinants of price clustering including the expected return, contract liquidity, and trader's identity. The results support both negotiation and price resolution hypotheses. We find a positive effect from the level of expected return on price clustering. Markets with greater liquidity experience reduced clustering. Transactions involving domestic banks have less clustering suggesting an information advantage over foreign banks.     

Price spreads and residential housing market liquidity

Most studies of housing market liquidity have measured liquidity in terms of time on the market (TOM), and have sought to explain TOM in terms of property characteristics and measures of market conditions. This paper departs from past studies of housing market liquidity by examining the spread between the listing and contract prices.We develop theory to explain the price spreads in the residential housing market. The model includes the list price of the home, the cost of the search, the standard deviation of offer prices, and TOM. Empirical tests using 3,597 sales for 25 months show a robust relationship of housing market spreads and these variables. Listing price and cost of search have the predicted positive coefficients, and the standard deviation of price offers is found to be negatively related to the price spread.     

商业银行同业存款利率定价方法研究

随着我国利率市场化进程的不断推进,同业存款在各项存款中率先实现了市场化定价。对同业客户财务价值和非财务价值的分析,是构建同业存款利率定价方法的关键。协调内部资金转移价格、提高流动性水平、完善定价信息系统,有利于提升定价效率。     

What happened to liquidity when world war I shut the NYSE?

This paper examines how financial markets responded to the longest circuit breaker in American financial history: the four-month suspension of trading on the New York Stock Exchange following the outbreak of World War I. The suspension that began on July 31, 1914 fostered a substitute trading forum called the New Street market. Trading on New Street began almost immediately and offered economically meaningful liquidity services despite its impaired price transparency. A simple cross-sectional model of bid–ask spreads on New Street demonstrates that New Street liquidity responded to economic incentives. New Street's success implies that, from a public policy perspective, expensive back-up trading facilities are not required to preserve liquidity during a trading suspension in established markets. Back-up records of share ownership and transfer facilities, however, are crucial to maintaining liquidity.     

Price dispersion in OTC markets: A new measure of liquidity

In this paper, we model price dispersion effects in over-the-counter (OTC) markets to show that, in the presence of inventory risk for dealers and search costs for investors, traded prices may deviate from the expected market valuation of an asset. We interpret this deviation as a liquidity effect and develop a new liquidity measure quantifying the price dispersion in the context of the US corporate bond market. This market offers a unique opportunity to study liquidity effects since, from October 2004 onwards, all OTC transactions in this market have to be reported to a common database known as the Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE). Furthermore, market-wide average price quotes are available from Markit Group Limited, a financial information provider. Thus, it is possible, for the first time, to directly observe deviations between transaction prices and the expected market valuation of securities. We quantify and analyze our new liquidity measure for this market and find significant price dispersion effects that cannot be simply captured by bid-ask spreads. We show that our new measure is indeed related to liquidity by regressing it on commonly-used liquidity proxies and find a strong relation between our proposed liquidity measure and bond characteristics, as well as trading activity variables. Furthermore, we evaluate the reliability of end-of-day marks that traders use to value their positions. Our evidence suggests that the price deviations from expected market valuations are significantly larger and more volatile than previously assumed. Overall, the results presented here improve our understanding of the drivers of liquidity and are important for many applications in OTC markets, in general.     

金融期货价格波动限制机制探讨

金融期货价格稳定机制延缓了价格发现过程，并造成了流动性干扰，但从降低期货、现货交易总成本来讲，它还是利大于弊，因此设置价格波动限制是一种可行的政策，而且在期货、现货市场同时设定的效果最好。此外，从不同价格波动限制方式的影响来看，选择弹性涨跌幅限制可较好地发挥价格限制的好处，减小价格限制的不利影响。     

A model of optimal portfolio selection under liquidity risk and price impact

We study a financial model with one risk-free and one risky asset subject to liquidity risk and price impact. In this market, an investor may transfer funds between the two assets at any discrete time. Each purchase or sale policy decision affects the rice of the risky asset and incurs some fixed transaction cost. The objective is to maximize the expected utility from terminal liquidation value over a finite horizon and subject to a solvency constraint. This is formulated as an impulse control problem under state constraints and we characterize the value function as the unique constrained viscosity solution to the associated quasi-variational Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman inequality. We would like to thank Mihail Zervos for useful discussions.     

Asset market equilibrium with liquidity risk

This paper derives an equilibrium asset pricing model with endogenous liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is modeled as a stochastic quantity impact on the price from trading, where the size of the impact depends on trade size. Under a strong set of assumptions, we prove that a unique equilibrium liquidity cost process and a unique equilibrium price process exists for our economy. We characterize the market’s state price density, which enables the derivation of the risk-return relation for the stock’s expected return including liquidity risk. We derive a generalized intertemporal CAPM and consumption CAPM for these markets. In contrast to the traditional models without liquidity risk, there is an additional systematic liquidity risk factor which is related to the stock return’s covariation with the market’s stochastic liquidity cost. Traditional transaction costs are a special case of our formulation.     

Implied liquidity: Model sensitivity

The concept of implied liquidity originates from the conic finance theory and more precisely from the law of two prices where market participants buy from the market at the ask price and sell to the market at the lower bid price. The implied liquidity λ of any financial instrument is determined such that both model prices fit as well as possible the bid and ask market quotes. It reflects the liquidity of the financial instrument: the lower the λ, the higher the liquidity. The aim of this paper is to study the evolution of the implied liquidity pre- and post-crisis under a wide range of models and to study implied liquidity time series which could give an insight for future stochastic liquidity modeling. In particular, we perform a maximum likelihood estimation of the CIR, Vasicek and CEV mean-reverting processes applied to liquidity and volatility time series. The results show that implied liquidity is far less persistent than implied volatility as the liquidity process reverts much faster to its long-run mean. Moreover, a comparison of the parameter estimates between the pre- and post-credit crisis periods indicates that liquidity tends to decrease and increase for long and short term options, respectively, during troubled periods.     

Liquidity, analysts, and institutional ownership

In this paper, we investigate the empirical relationship between institutional ownership, number of analysts following and stock market liquidity. We find that firms with larger number of financial analysts following have wider spreads, lower market quality index, and larger price impact of trades. However, we find that firms with higher institutional ownership have narrower spreads, higher market quality index, and smaller price impact of trades. In addition, we show that changes in our liquidity measures are significantly related to changes in institutional ownership over time. These results suggest that firms may alleviate information asymmetry and improve stock market liquidity by increasing institutional ownership. Our results are remarkably robust to different measures of liquidity and measures of information asymmetry.