出口信用证融资风险及其防范措施

信用证项下的融资业务是商业银行一项传统业务，因其申请手续简单、操作简便，深受广大客户的欢迎。同时该业务利交丰厚，风险相对较小，周围期短，因此，银行都把贸易融资放在重要地位，特别是外资银行，一般以贸易融资作为其首要业务，贸易结算业务从而成为各家银行竞争的主要焦点。信用证融资业务进口信用证融资和出口信用证融资两大部分，本文拟就出口信用证融资业务存在的风险及其防范进行探讨。     

信用证项下融资业务中的风险与防范

在进口信用证业务中，尤其是大宗货物进口，进口商没有大笔流动资金作为保证金开证，往往到银行融资或授信开证。这样，开证行对外承担了第一性付款责任，对内向进口商予以了资金融通。现今的进口信用证 业务往往包容着银行的受信融资，而银行在进口信用证业务中进行授信融资就要承担很大的风险。进口信用证业务本身是一种政策性强、技术要求高、风险性大的较为复杂的业务。进口融资业务主要有授信额度开证、进口押汇、信托收据和提货担保。进口开证融资业务涉及的风险主要有。     

银行的贴现和押汇利率之我见

贴现、押汇业务是银行国际贸易结算中很平常的融资方式之一，而信用证最基本的作用之一和其发明以来经久不衰的原因，也正是因为其方便的融资功能。开证银行利用其良好的信誉授权在异国的另一家银行（或任何银行）对自己开出的信用证在满足一定的条件下享有先行垫付资金叙做融资业务的权利。在经济发达的国家，绝大多数受益人拿到信用证后，都会利用信用证的融资功能，以达到其利用银行资金不断扩大贸易规模的目的。     

信用证的担保功能与打包贷款的性质

打包贷款(Packing／PackageLoan／credit)是指银行根据借款人(出口商)的申请，凭境外银行开立的以借款人为受益人的不可撤消的正本信用证向该出口商发放的用于生产、采购该信用证项下出口货物及装船有关费用的贷款。打包贷款是我行提供的信用证结算方式下主要贸易融资方式之一。为规范这一业务，早在2000年，总行《中国农业银行国际贸易融资业务信贷管理暂行办法》就对打包贷款的定义、操作做了相关的要求。今年1月，总行印发了《中国农业银行国际贸易融资业务信贷管理办法》和《中国农业银行国际贸易融资业务操作规程》(农银发【2004】7号)，对打包贷款的信贷操作作     

汇票的融资作用

应避免在信用证业务中使用汇票。通过单纯的汇票达到融资的目的已渐行渐远,跟单信用证业务中银行融资的重点前提条件是相符单据和开证行的承兑电。     

略论银行应如何防范备用信用证担保贷款的法律风险

备用信用证担保贷款属于银行贷款品种之一。是指银行以其他银行（包括外资金融机构或中资银行的海外分行等，以下简称“外资银行”）开具的以银行为受益人的备用信用证作担保。向客户发放的贷款。由于备用信用证担保贷款涉及国际经济法律关系。一般适用国际惯例，且在实际中发生过不少利用虚假备用信用证诈骗银行资金的罪案。因此，为了有利于银行此项业务的开展。本文就银行如何防范备用信用证担保贷款的法律风险作出如下法律提示。[编者按]     

信用证项下押汇业务若干法律问题思考

信用证项下押汇是商业银行最常见的国际贸易融资方式，它在给银行带来较高收益的同时，也蕴藏着巨大的经营风险。本文拟从信用证各当事人之间的法律关系入手，探讨商业银行如何运用国际和国内法律法规来保障自身的权益，降低押汇业务经营风险。     

20001信用证检查情况分析

今年，国家外汇管理局把打击信用证违规作为整顿和规范外汇市场秩序的一项核心内容，通过在全国范围内开展对工行、农行系统的省、地（市）级分支行信用证对付汇业务的检查，摸清了银行信用证项下收付汇业务中执行外汇法规的基本情况，存在问题，并就如何完善监管手段、控制风险、规范外汇市场秩序寻求新的突破。     

企业进口延期付汇大多不为投机

据调查，周转资金短缺，信贷融资能力不足是导致企业采用远期信用证、远期托收等贸易融资方式的主要原因。一方面，企业贷款融资较难。目前企业主要通过固定资产抵押及出口退税质押取得贷款，满足不了企业资金周转所需。作为贸易融资的远期信用证、远期托收等业务，属于外汇银行大力提倡发展的中间业务，各行对授信开证的审批效率远高于其他授信品种，有的银行对一些重点客户的大额信用证，还采取“绿色通道”的方式加快审批速度，企业最低仅需支付20％的保证金即可办理先融资、后付款的远期信用证业务，有效地缓解了企业的资金压力。进口单位谋求以远期信用证方式付汇，主要有以下几种运作方式：     

信用证打包贷款中存在的问题与风险

出口信用证打包贷款是银行一项重要的融资业务,其是指以信用证正本为抵押,在出口货物装运前,银行向信用证受益人发放的短期贷款。通过发放打包贷款,银行不仅支持了出口导向型经济的发展,而且发展了自身的国际结算业务,带来了可观的中间业务收入。但是信用证打包贷款业务在不断发展的同时,也暴露出一些问题,产生了一定的风险。如何防范和化解信用证打包贷款的风险已日益成为银行管理者高度重视的问题。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.