浅谈我国税收成本和税收环境现状

随着我国经济事业的腾飞发展,税收凭借其强制性、无偿性、固定性等特点在财政收入中扮演十分重要的角色,税收在财政收入中占有相当大的比重,是税收成本有广义和狭义之分.广义的税收成本是指征纳双方在征税和纳税过程中所付出的一切代价的总和,具体包括征税成本、纳税成本及课税负效应三个部分.狭义的税收成本仪包括征税成本.本文针对我国税收成本和税收环境进行了阐述和分析,进而分析了我国税收的基本现状.     

浅议税收会计、纳税会计与税务会计

税收会计、纳税会计与税务会计是三个极易混淆的概念,三者的内涵不同。从广义上,税务会计包含税收会计和纳税会计;从狭义上,税务会计即指企业的纳税会计。在我国,税务会计通常指其狭义含义,其内容包括增值税会计、所得税会计、税收筹划和委托代理纳税业务。     

浅论企业税收筹划的必要性

经过1994年税制改革和之后多年来的逐步完善,我国已经初步建立了适应社会主义市场经济体制的税收制度.税收作为国家财政收入的主要形式,具有强制性、无偿性和固定性特点,同时也涉及国家、企业、个人的经济利益,特别是作为纳税主体的企业迫切需要了解自身的经济活动会产生哪些纳税义务,如何合理地安排经济活动以降低纳税成本,实现自身效益最大化.本文通过对税收筹划的简单介绍,阐述企业税收筹划的重要性和必要性.     

浅议税收会计纳税会计与税务会计

在财务管理过程中,税收会计、纳税会计与税务会计这三个专业术语虽然表面看起来差别不大,却有着不同的内涵,也是三个极易混淆的概念。从广义上,税务会计包含税收会计和纳税会计;从狭义上,税务会计即指企业的纳税会计。本文主要是通过对浅议税收会计纳税会计与税务会计进行相关阐述,希望有助于人们的理解。     

论税收法定原则

税收法定原则是税法中一项十分重要的基本原则。它肇始于英国,现已为当今各国所公认,其基本精神在各国宪法或税法中都有体现。税收法定原则的基本含义是:税收主体必须依且仅依法律的规定征税;纳税主体必须依且仅依法律的规定纳税,其具体内容包括三个部分:税种法定、税收要素法定、程序法定。我国宪法、税收征收管理法中都有税收法定原则的要求,在即将制定的税收基本法中亦应明确规定。     

存量资产、虚拟经济与税收超GDP增长之谜

本文研究了存量资产对我国税收超GDP增长的影响,发现GDP是一个增量概念,仅计量当年商品和劳务增加值,而税收不仅要对当年商品和劳务增加值征税,也要对历年存量资产征税,狭义货币M1和广义货币M2供应量与税收的同步增长证实了这一观点.我国虚拟经济的迅猛增长推动了存量资产交易需求,指数分解的结果显示虚拟经济对我国税收超GDP增长部分的贡献率达到35％左右,而双主体税制中针对存量资产的税收体系推高了我国存量资产税收的增长,这两点是造成我国税收超常增长的根源.本文的意义在于解释了制度不变情况下的税收超GDP增长现象,而且论证了税收超GDP增长有其必然性,为揭示我国税收增长机制内在规律提供了新的理论依据.     

电子商务税收征管问题及对策研究

电子商务具有快捷性、高效性、低廉性等特征,造成了原有商务销售额的相对减少,使我国税收大量流失,也有失税法公平的原则,对电子商务征税是发展的必然趋势。针对目前我国电子商务税收征管在税收设置和征管制度上存在的问题,应借鉴国外电子商务征税的经验,通过完善征税方案、加强电子商务税收征管实施管理和人才培养建设等措施,促进市场的良性竞争,增加我国的财政收入。     

我国税收流失原因剖析

税收事关国家的稳定和发展,而税收流失是我国当前面对的严重社会、经济问题.本文分析了我国税收流失的原因,认为纳税人追求经济利益最大化是税收流失的根本动因;税收法律法规不完善是税收流失的法律原因;财税体制不规范是税收流失的制度因素;纳税环境恶化是税收流失的社会根源;征管不严是税收流失的直接原因;处罚不力直接助长税收流失;地下经济规模巨大加剧税收流失;电子商务征税盲区导致税收流失.     

从税收成本谈税收效率的最大化

税收收入自1994年的税制改革以后就已经成为我国财政收入的主力军。我国的税收制度贯彻与时俱进观念,一直在不断进行调整和进一步完善,在适应国内外市场经济发展需求,增加国家财政收入,加快税收征管改革步伐,建立财政收入稳定增长机制,增强国家宏观调控能力等方面,贡献卓著。但由于多方面原因,致使我国税收现状呈现成本畸高,效率偏低之势。税收成本"居高不下",这一现象成为我国管理和执行税收工作的主要潜在问题之一,同时也是我国进行税收制度改革的热点,重点与难点。     

我国税收成本的降低途径分析

税收成本是指征税机关在征税过程中为了取得税收所付出的所有费用,它由两部分构成。第一部分是直接成本,是税务部门发生的成本;第二部分是间接成本,是各种社会组织及团体为国家取得税收所负担的各种费用。我国税收成本一直居高不下,这与我国的税收制度、税收体系、税收环境关系密切。     

房地产税立法中的税基与税率选择研究

在我国推进全面税收改革的新阶段,房地产税立法势在必行。通过介绍当前我国房地产税的税基和税率现状,分析了当前我国房地产税税基和税率存在的问题,结合沪渝房产税改革试点情况和发达国家实践经验提出相关建议。     

现行个人所得税税制及缺陷分析

经历多灾多难后最终取得胜利的"十一五"已渐行渐远,"十二五"已迈开脚步.从2009年开始,中央为"十二五"进行了多次调研,并把"减轻中低收入者的个人所得税"作为税收方面调研的重点.而作为调研的结果,"减轻中低收入者的个人所得税"将成为中国"十二五"税改的关键词.本文旨在国家实施个人所得税制度改革之际对现行个人所得税制存在的缺陷进行分析,以找准个人所得税需要改革的要害部位.     

Optimal monetary-fiscal stabilizers under an indexed versus nonindexed tax structure

This article analyzes the optimal coordination of automatic monetary and fiscal stabilization parameters in a rational expectations context. Optimal joint settings for the average level of tax rates, the progressivity of the tax structure, and the response of the money stock to the current level of the interest rate are derived to minimize the variance of output and price.     

高职校税务模拟实验教学存在的问题及对策研究

实验教学是培养学生的创新能力、提高学生的科学思维能力和动手能力的重要手段.税务专业由于自身的一些特点,需要进行模拟实验教学.同时,模拟实践教学对于提高学生的动手能力和综合素质,适应市场对人才的需求都有着十分重要的作用.本文分析了高等职业学校开展税务模拟实验教学的意义,分析了目前税务模拟实验教学中存在的问题,并且从软硬件投入、教学体系的完善、师资力量的加强和实习基地的完善等多个方面提出了一定的解决措施.     

Optimal tax and tariff policies with tax credits

This paper examines the optimal tax and tariff policies for a small open economy when mobile capital receives a tax credit for taxes paid to the host country. For a capital-importing country, a tax on capital equal to the source country tax rate (to capture tax revenue) combined with a subsidy to encourage capital imports is the optimal policy. Results are also derived for cases in which only one of the instruments can be varied. For a capital-exporting country that cannot reduce its capital tax rate, a subsidy to the sector using exported capital is desirable.     

新税制下企业消费税的纳税筹划

随着经济的不断发展,市场竞争日趋激烈,企业要想在激烈的竞争环境中有所发展,不仅要提高劳动生产率,而且要想办法降低成本,通过纳税筹划的方式降低税收成本成为纳税人的必然选择.本文旨在阐述2006年消费税改革后企业如何在新税制下进行消费税的纳税筹划,减轻企业税收负担.     

Trade openness,tax reform and tax revenue in developing countries

This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance (measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more importantly, countries that further open up their economies to international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness. Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.     

Imperfect tax competition for profits, asymmetric equilibrium and beneficial tax havens

We present a model of tax competition for real investment and profits and show that the presence of tax havens in some cases increases the tax revenue of countries. In the first part of the paper, we argue that tax competition for profits is likely to be imperfect in the sense that the jurisdiction with the lowest tax rate does not necessarily attract all shifted profits. Under this assumption, tax competition between a large number of identical countries may lead to either a symmetric equilibrium with no profit shifting or an asymmetric equilibrium where firms shift profits from high-tax to low-tax countries. In the second part of the paper, we introduce tax havens. Starting from a symmetric equilibrium, tax havens unambiguously reduce the tax revenue of countries due to a ‘leakage effect’ — tax havens attract tax base from countries — and a ’competition effect’ — the optimal response to the increased tax sensitivity of tax bases involves a reduction of tax rates. Starting from an asymmetric equilibrium, however, tax havens also raise the tax revenue of countries through a ’crowding effect’ — tax havens make it less attractive to compete for profits and thus induce low-tax countries to become high-tax countries. We demonstrate that the latter effect may dominate the former effects so that countries, on balance, benefit from the presence of tax havens.     

The tax reform agenda

High tax rates that distort incentives and create large deadweight losses have been reduced, but there is still much more to be done to improve the tax system. It is useful to distinguish between tax rules that represent tax expenditures relative to a pure income tax from rules that represent tax expenditures relative to a consumption tax. I think it is important to focus on tax expenditures relative to a consumption tax base. It is possible that if there were no estate tax, the present value of the taxes paid by future heirs would exceed the revenue lost by abolishing the estate tax. On the corporate side, a shift to a territorial system of taxation would have very substantial favorable effects, while pass-through entities have a very weak case for a significantly lower tax rate. The net effect of such tax changes would be an increase in the budget deficit, though that increase is likely to be only temporary due to legislative rules. I am optimistic that there will be tax reforms enacted in the next twelve months holding great promise for improving our tax system and our economy.     

Fighting multiple tax havens

This paper develops a competition theory framework that evaluates an important aspect of the OECD's Harmful Tax Practices Initiative against tax havens. We show that the sequential nature of the process is harmful and more costly than a “big bang” multilateral agreement. The sequentiality may even prevent the process from being completed successfully. Closing down a subset of tax havens reduces competition among the havens that remain active. This makes their “tax haven business” more profitable and shifts a larger share of rents to these remaining tax havens, making them more reluctant to give up their “tax haven business”. Moreover, the outcome of this process, reducing the number of tax havens, but not eliminating them altogether, may reduce welfare in the OECD.